Processes and Patterns of Development Flashcards
What is the function of mitosis for unicellular organisms? Multicellular organisms?
Unicellular = reproduction Multicellular = growth
What kinds of cells results from mitosis?
Daughter cells (2) - both genetically identical to each other and to parent cell
What is a chromatid?
2 identical chromosomes (an original and a copy) attached in the middle with centromere
What is a centromere?
It attaches the sister chromatids
What do spindle fibers do?
Attach to centrioles; function is to pull chromosomes and organelles apart during mitosis
What do spindle fibers do?
Attach to centrioles; function is to pull chromosomes and organelles apart during mitosis
What is a chromosome? hat is it made of?
Coiled up chromatin; made of DNA
What is a chromosome? hat is it made of?
Coiled up chromatin; made of DNA
What happens as a cell becomes larger? What problems can occur?
A larger cell needs more nutrients and CO2 and has more waste products. A “traffic jam” occurs at the cell membrane with too many materials coming in and going out
Where does the energy needed by a fertilized egg come from to begin division?
Cellular respiration. Materials required stored within the egg
Where does the energy needed by a fertilized egg come from to begin division?
Cellular respiration. Materials required stored within the egg
Where is information stored for all cells?
DNA/Chromosomes found in the nucleus
What causes genes to turn on or off?
Cytoplasmic regulation - inside the cell.
Induction - outside the cell.
Both regulated by DNA
Why might there be a substance in one cell and not in a daughter cell?
Depends on where materials are distributed during cell division. If a substance is concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm it may end up in one daughter cell and not the other
Why might there be a substance in one cell and not in a daughter cell?
Depends on where materials are distributed during cell division. If a substance is concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm it may end up in one daughter cell and not the other
What does DNA replication do for the cell? Why does it need it?
Provides a copy of the DNA needed in order for the cell to divide - each daughter cell needs its own set
What is differentiation? What is it controlled by?
Cells becoming different from each other structurally in order to perform different functions within the body. Controlled by genes (DNA)
What is differentiation? What is it controlled by?
Cells becoming different from each other structurally in order to perform different functions within the body. Controlled by genes (DNA)
What is development? When does it start, and when does it end?
Growth (mitosis) and differentiation. Begins soon after fertilization and ends with death
What is development? When does it start, and when does it end?
Growth (mitosis) and differentiation. Begins soon after fertilization and ends with death
When does a stem cell start to transform into different types of cells?
When they begin to differentiate; very early in development
What are the two groups of development problems?
Errors in genes - mutations; these are inherited; downs syndrome disruptions in expression of genes - changes in DNA caused by many factors; some environmental
What is FAS? What is it a result from?
Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome. Results from drinking alcohol while pregnant
What can smoking during pregnancy do to the fetus?
Increases the risk of asthma and causes low birth rate
What can smoking during pregnancy do to the fetus?
Increases the risk of asthma and causes low birth rate
What is cancer the result from?
Uncontrolled cell growth, cells just divide and divide resulting in a tumor
What is wrong with the oncogenes?
Abnormal active cells, divide uncontrollably, causing cancer
In what two ways can we get oncogenes?
Cellular mutations or viruses
