Evolution: Change Across Time Flashcards
Evolutionary biologist
A scientist that studies the descendants of species and the origin of a new species & relatedness of living things
Paleontologist
A scientist who studies the history of the earth through it’s geologic history and who learns about history of life on earth through the study of fossils
Developmental biologist
A scientist that studies the processes by which an organism develops and body structured development
Physical anthropologist
A scientist who studies the biological evolution of humans
Archaeologist
A scientist that studies prehistorical people in their cultures by analysis of the artifacts, inscriptions, monuments etc.
What parts of organisms typically are preserve as fossils?
Their bones & teeth
Individuals from the fossil group Australopithecus should be classified as what?
Hominoids
What types of evidence do we use to determine the relationships between fossilize organisms?
Fossils, DNA, embryology, homologous structures
If the theory of evolution is correct would you expect to see the number of different species on earth increase overtime or decrease? would you expect to see the species themselves become more sophisticated or more simple?
Increase overtime because natural selection would keep creating new species I would expect the species to become more sophisticated because they will keep evolving and adapting to be more advanced
Who was Alfred Wallace and what was his relationship to Charles Darwin? why do we give Darwin credit for the theory of evolution and not Wallace?
Wallace was a young scientist who wrote Darwin with a draft of scientific paper that describe the theory of evolution Darwin got this credit because his explanation of evolution was more detailed and had more concrete evidence Darwin’s journal showed he developed his ideas on the 15 years before reading wallaces paper
What are the five principles of Darwins theory of evolution?
Variation, adaptation, competition natural selection, speciation
Variation
Individual members of a species are all slightly different
Adaptation
Some of these differences turn out to help the individual survive longer-The differences makes that one better adapted to their environment (part of DNA not choice no change handed down to offspring)
Competition
Resources in any environment are limited and there are not enough resources to go around like food water mates shelter. Individuals who are better adapted to their environment have a better chance of getting their share of the limited resources
Natural selection
Those that survived the longest get to reproduce more and the babies will have the different features so the difference is selected by nature (survival of the fittest)
Speciation
Over many generations those that survived accumulated more and more differences and eventually become a totally different species
Thoroughly describe the idea of natural selection
Those that survived the longest get to reproduce more in the babies will have the different features so the difference is selected by nature
According to national selection what will happen to the organisms who have beneficial variation?
According to natural selection organisms who have beneficial variation will survive longer and reproduce more
Would you expect organisms that are closely related to have a common ancestor? why?
Yes I would expect organisms that are closely related to have a common ancestor because they were probably wants the same species but natural selection and variation change them due to selective pressures in different environments
How do you certain variations hope certain individuals survive?
Certain variations such as color can help individual survived by being less visible to predators and that allows them to reproduce more
What are antibiotics used to treat?
Bacterial infections
What is the difference between an anti-septic and an antibiotic?
Anti-septic’s: TOPICAL prevent growth and development of micro organisms without necessarily killing them antibiotics: DRUG are chemical substances that kill and stop the growth of bacteria
What does it mean if we say that a type of bacteria is resistant?
It has built up immunity to the antibiotics and will continue to reproduce (noo gee affected by antibiotics)
How does a bacteria become resistant?
The DNA evolves to resist the antibiotics because of continued exposure to antibiotics
What could happen if antibiotics are over prescribed prescribed for an illness that they can’t cure?
The variation of bacteria will adapt and evolve due to natural selection and build up immunity to the antibiotics and when the person actually needs them they won’t work because they have already evolved
Who was the Iceman? how did he die?
He died on the appellation Mountains because he was shot by an arrow. he was 5300 years old and lived in the late Stone Age
What did the evolution of plans lead to
O2 in our atmosphere
What is a vestigial structure?
Functional structures that were functioning in an ancestral species (we don’t need anymore)
What is a homologous structure?
Body parts that are alike because the species in question share a common ancestor
What does the word evolution mean?
Differences among species are the result of changes across time
How is a scientific theory different from a hypothesis?
A theory is an explanation that is extremely well excepted by the scientific community because a variety of strong evidence supports them
A hypothesis is a trial of ideas or tentative explanations that can be tested
How do we determine if two organisms are different species?
If they can reproduce together and have fertile off springs they are not different species
Carefully review the information you have about the pepper moths
Natural selection change the color of the mosque in a help them survive and reproduce more
Indirect dating a.k.a. relative dating
Known as relative methods because techniques allows scientists to say only that certain fossils is all there are younger than her fossil
Direct dating a.k.a. absolute dating
Can determine the age of fossils with much greater accuracy then indirect dating
What does the genetic code or DNA have to do with common ancestry?
It is the master plan for the divers characteristics of each species DNA helps determine how closely to organisms are related
Who is Lucy?
A fossil that was found in the 1970s that walked upright and had very similar bone structure to humans she was named Lucy after a song that was popular and her time
What is a hominoid?
Direct walking primates that include modern humans earlier human species and early humanlike species
What are some human vestigial structures
Muscles to move ears, nictating membrane, third molar, pointed canine appendix, caudal vertebrae, body hair
Where is DNA located and what is its purpose?
it is located in genetic material and it’s purpose is the master plan for diverse characteristics of each species
Which two species are the most similar based on DNA?
Chimpanzees and humans
Approximately how long ago did hominoid split from the common ancestor shared with chimpanzees?
Approximately 6 million years ago
List the more humanlike characteristics that Homo habilis and Homo rectus have
A more vertical face, smaller front teeth, a smaller lower jaw, and a significantly larger brain case
What was Charles Darwin known for?
He was known as the main author of theory of evolution
What is the concept of evolution?
Differences among species are the result of change across time
Describe two ways humans have used variation to improve in organisms characteristics
Animal breeders have bread organisms to emphasize or increased certain prize characteristics
human have bread plants for different agricultural uses and to suit different human taste
What is a species?
A group of organisms whose members very closely resemble each other because they share many key characteristics
Why are mules sterile organisms?
Because horses and donkeys going to two different although very closely related species these offspring miles are sterile
What does adaptation mean?
Inherited characteristics that best equipped them to survive in a particular environment
What is selective breeding?
Humans choose to allow organisms to reproduce in order to pass on desirable characteristics
How does predation affect an organism’s ability to pass their jeans?
Predation is another pressure that many organisms face and organism has to live long enough to reproduce and that requires that the predator be successful in locating and catching other pray
Where does penicillin come from?
Mold
Is penicillin organic or inorganic?
Organic
Does penicillin contain DNA?
Yes
When did the use of penicillin become widespread?
1941
What does an antibiotic do?
Fight bacterial infection
Is there a chance that it someplace antibiotics will no longer work?
Yes because the bacteria will adapt to resist on anabiotic’s one-day
What does disinfectant mean?
An agent that destroys micro organisms that might carry disease
