Human Homeostasis: Health and Disease

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

foreign invader to your body

Question 2

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 2

fight invaders

Question 3

Why are bacterial infections becoming more difficult to treat? Explain how this process has occurred

Answer 3

They mutated to become resistant to antibodies due to repeated exposure to the antibiotics (over use)

Question 4

What is the job of your immune system?

Answer 4

Keep your body from being invaded

Question 5

What is the difference between specific and non-specific?

Answer 5

non-specific works on any pathogen while specific works on all pathogens

Question 6

What is your first line of defense? How does it do this job?

Answer 6

Skin & Membranes act as barriers to keep pathogens out

Question 7

How are the natural openings of your first line of defense protected from invasion?

Answer 7

sweat, tears, saliva, stomach acid have chemicals that destroy pathogens (pathogen killing molecules)

Question 8

What is your second line of defense? When must it be activated?

Answer 8

Inflammatory Response is activated if pathogens get past the first line of defense

Question 9

Why does your skin get swollen and warm when our first line of defense has been invaded?

Answer 9

lots of blood is going there

Question 10

Explain what is happening when your first line of defense has been punctured

Answer 10

Pathogens get into your body and macrophages begin to attack pathogens

Question 11

What is your third line of defense? Is it specific or nonspecific? Explain. When is it activated?

Answer 11

Immune system. Specific. Macrophages are overwhelmed

Question 12

How are macrophages involved in the third line of defense?

Answer 12

clear away clumped together bacteria

Question 13

What are antigens? What purpose do they serve in the immune reaction?

Answer 13

name tags on the outside of pathogens that help the immune system to identify self and non-self

Question 14

What is the difference between cell mediated and antibody mediated responses?

Answer 14

Cell : uses t-cells

Antibody: used b-cells

Question 15

Why are antibiotics useful on bacteria and not viruses?

Answer 15

Antibiotics weaken bacterial cell walls - viruses are not a cell so they don’t have a cell wall

Question 16

Explain the cell mediated route of the immune system

Answer 16

helper t’s send lymphocytes to activate the killer t’s which hunt down virus infected cells and kill them

Question 17

How does a killer t-cell do its job?

Answer 17

uses pathogen antigens to identify virus infected body cells

Question 18

Explain the antibody mediated route of the immune system

Answer 18

b-cells produce antibodies for particular bacteria, antibodies bind to bacteria and clump them together

Question 19

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 19

disease where your immune system can’t tell the difference between self and non-self

Question 20

What is usually the direct cause of death of a person infected with HIV and who suffers from AIDS?

Answer 20

cold, flu, cancer

Question 21

How are antihistamines effective in the allergic response?

Answer 21

stops immune system from over reacting to harmless things

Question 22

How is the immune system involved in cancer? Why do people still get cancer if the immune system is involved?

Answer 22

immune system kill off faulty self cells in cancerous cells then move to another part of the body and continue to divide the immune system which may become overwhelmed

Question 23

How does the immune system have a memory?

Answer 23

t-cells stay to read in blood stream

memory of b-cells remember

Question 24

Who are the universal doners? Why? Who are the universal recipients? Why?

Answer 24

doners: o - have no molecules on red blood cells
recipients: ab - have no antibodies in plasma

Question 25

What determines if you are blood type a? How did you get to be blood type a? What antibodies do you have? Why?

Answer 25

molecules on red blood cells because genetics have antibodies against the type b because they are non self

Question 26

Using the polio vaccine, explain how vaccines work to cause immunity. Don’t forget to explain why people don’t get polio right after they are vaccinated

Answer 26

a small amount of dead virus is injected into the body which makes killer t’s against polio which stay in the blood stream forever

Question 27

Why do some diseases not have vaccines?

Answer 27

• mutate too quickly
• not that harmful
• too many strains
• genetic : not caused by pathogen