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BIOLOGY CET > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Cell Theory

A

3 Central Principles:

  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life of structure and function of all organisms
  • All cells arise form pre-existing cells
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2
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

series of events which describes the process by which cells divide.

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3
Q

Interphase

A
  • “resting stage” of the cell ycle
  • actively metabolizing and synthesizing materials and components needed for cell division

Stages:
A. Gap 1 (G1) Phase
B. S Phase
C. Gap 2 (G2) Phase

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4
Q

Gap 1 Phase (G1)

A

cells increase in size and synthesize proteins and enzymes needed for DNA replication

*G0 Phase- cells become specialized and are no longer active

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5
Q

S Phase

A

cells perform DNA replication; creating two sets of DNA

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6
Q

Gap 2 Phase (G2)

A

Microtubule Synthesis

cells synthesize materials such as microtubules necessary for cell division

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7
Q

Interphase Processes

A

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

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8
Q

A. DNA Replication

A
  • DNA———> DNA
  • cell’s DNA makes a duplicate of itself with the aid of various enxymes
  • Helicase (unzipper)
  • Single Strand Binding Protein (holder of two strands)
  • DNA Polymerase (synthesizer)
  • Gyrase (reliever)
  • Ligase (joins)
  • Template Strand (original)
  • Leading Strand (continuous)
  • Lagging Strand (fragments)
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9
Q

Helicase

A

“unzips” the two DNA strands

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10
Q

Single Strand Binding Protein

A

holds the two strands

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes new DNA strand using the original (3’—>5’); producing a complimentary strand (5’——> 3’)

I. DNA Polymerase I -synthesize lagging strand
II. DNA Polymerase III synthesize leading strand

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12
Q

Gyrase

A

relieves the strain cause from uncoiling

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13
Q

Ligase

A

joins the pieces of Okazaki Fragments together

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14
Q

Template Strand

A

original strand

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15
Q

Leading Strand

A

new strand, synthesized continuously

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16
Q

Lagging Strand

A

new strand. synthesized in fragments

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17
Q

B. Protein Synthesis

A

process by which cells synthesize proteins
relies heavily on the different RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Processes: Transcription and Translation

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18
Q

Transcription

A
  • DNA———> RNA
  • formation of RNA from DNA that encdoes functional protein
  • inside the nucleus
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19
Q

Translation

A
  • RNA———> Protein
  • formation of proteins from an RNA strand
  • Each mRNA strand is called a “ codon” which corresponds to one amino acid
  • Occurs in cytoplasm with ribosomes

DNA-code
mRNA-codon
tRNA-anticodon

20
Q

mRNA

A

“Messenger RNA”

synthesized during transcription; RNA copy of the DNA coding for the protein

21
Q

tRNA

A

“Transfer RNA”

delivers amino acids to the ribosomes, the site of translation

22
Q

rRNA

A

“Ribosomal RNA”

component of ribosomes

23
Q

CELL DIVISION

A

Mitosis & Meisosis

24
Q

Mitosis

A

-occurs in somatic or body cells
-undergoes division for the purpose of growth, tissue repair and cell proliferation
-Phases:
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

25
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • nuclear envelope disintegrates and nucleolus disappears
26
Q

Metaphase

A
  • centrioles and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the “kinetochore”
  • chromosomes are assembled at the metaphase plate or equatorial plate
27
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids break at the centromeres

- spindle fibers pull the chromatids at opposite poles

28
Q

Telophase

A
  • sister chromatids reaches the opposite poles
  • nuclear envelope starts to form
  • chromsomes uncoil
  • nucleoli appear

*Cytokinesis-separation of the cytoplasm of the daughter cells

29
Q

Kinetechore

A

point of attachment of spindle fiber

30
Q

Centromere

A

entire middle region where kinetochore is found

31
Q

Meiosis

A
  • occurs in germ cells to produce gametes
  • main purpose is to generate haploid sex cells
  • Meiosis I & Meiosis II
32
Q

Meiosis I

A
  • reductional division
  • Mother cell: diploid
  • Daughter cell: haploid; genetically unique from the mother cell
Parts:
Prophase I (L, Z, P, D)
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
33
Q

Prophase I

A

Parts:

a. Leptotene- condensation of chromatins
b. Zygotene- pairing of homologous pair
c. Pachytene- crossing over of homologous pair and exchange of genetic material
d. Diplotene- homologous pair appear as tetrads

34
Q

Metaphase I

A

tetrads line up at the equatorial plate

35
Q

Anapahase I

A

homologous pair separate and migrate to opposite poles

36
Q

Telophase I

A

cytokinesis begins, giving rise to two haploid daughter cells

37
Q

Meisosis II

A

-similar process to that of Meiosis.
-However initial cells are haploid instead of daughter cells giving rise to another set of haploid cells
-Parts:
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

38
Q

Mitosis Cells

A 
Mother Cell: Somatic
No. of Divisions: 1
Ploidy of Daughter Cells: Diploid
Genetic Variation: -
Purpose: Growth, Repair
39
Q

Meiosis Cells

A 
Mother Cell: Germ cells
No. of Divisions: 2
Ploidy of Daughter Cells: 4
Genetic Variation: +
Purpose: Produce Gametes
40
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process:

  1. Growth and Maturation
  2. Meiosis
  3. Differentiation

Male: Spermatogenesis
Female: Oogenesis

41
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Organ Involved: Testes
Formation of Polar Bodies: No
Daughter Cells : 4 spermatozoa
Time of Occurrence: starts at puberty

42
Q

Oogenesis

A 
Organ Involved: Ovaries
Organ Involved: Ovary
Formation of Polar Bodies: Yes
Daughter Cells : 1 ovum, 3 polar bodies
Time of Occurrence: begins before birth, pauses, continues at puberty
43
Q

Liptotene

A

“Condensation”

44
Q

Zygotene

A

“Pairing”

45
Q

Pachytene

A

“Crossing over”

46
Q

Diplotene

A

“Formation of tetrads”

BIOLOGY CET (6 decks)

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