Evolution and Taxonomy

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

unifying concept in biology that involves a change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

science of grouping, naming and classifying living organisms based on their shared characteristics

Question 3

Origin of Life Theories

Answer 3

A. Chemosynthesis Theory (gases & biomololecules)

B. Panspermia (space)

Question 4

Chemosynthesis Theory

Answer 4

• states that life eveolved 3-4 billion years ago when gases such as methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor react to produce the first organic compounds
• RNA is the first nucleic acid formed
• DNA evolved later as a stable genetic material

Question 5

Panspermia

Answer 5

-states that life on earth was bought by meteorites, asteroids and planetoids from space

Question 6

Theory of Natural Selection

Answer 6

-states that organisms undergo changes in their traits to better adapt to their environment
Proponent :

Charles Darwin-observed animals and plants in the Galapagos Island and discussed natural selection as a means of survival in his book “On the Origin of Species”

Question 7

Species

Answer 7

members of a population that can successfully and naturally interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 8

Phylogeny

Answer 8

-evolutionary history of a species

Question 9

Speciation

Answer 9

-evolutionary process in which new species arise

Question 10

Homology/ Homologous

Answer 10

-refers to similar characteristics orginating from common ancestry (Diversion)
-same history, different function
Example: arms of human, cat, whale and bat

Question 11

Analogy/ Analogous

Answer 11

-structures that perform similar function but do not
share common ancestry (Conversion)
-same function, different history

Examples: Wings of moth, bat and bird

Question 12

Modes of Evolution

Answer 12

A. Phyletic Evolution (no original species)

B. Branching Evolution (with original species)

Question 13

Phyletic Evolution

Answer 13

-transformation of entire species into different species all together

Question 14

Branching Evolution

Answer 14

• formation of new species but retaining the original species
• Adaptive Radiation- form of branching evolution wherein a single species transforms into many different species over time

Question 15

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 15

-founded taxonomy and the binomial system “for the greater glory of God”

Question 16

Binomial System

Answer 16

• First name: Genus

- Second name: Species

Question 17

Taxonomy Rank

Answer 17

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum / Division for plants
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species

*two different organisms are more closely related to each other if they share a common lower taxonomic rank

Question 18

Three Domain System ( A, B, E)

Answer 18

A. Domain Archaea
B. Domain Bacteria
C. Domain Eukarya

Question 19

Domain Archaea

Answer 19

• prokaryotic
• no nuclear membrane
• unicellular
• no peptidoglycan layer in cell wall
• found in inhospitable extreme environemnt

-Kingdom: Kingdom Archaebacteria
Examples:
a. Methanogens- metabolize H2 and CO2 into methane
b. Halophiles- tolerate high salt concentrations
c. Thermoacidophiles- tolerates high pH and high temperatures

Question 20

Domain Bacteria

Answer 20

• prokaryotic
• no nuclear membrane
• unicellular
• has peptidoglycan layer in cell wall
• contains bacteria rRNA

-Kingdom: Kingdom Eubacteria

Examples:

a. Cyanobacteria-photosynthesizing bacteria
b. Staphylococcus aureus- bacteria present on skin

Question 21

Domain Eukarya

Answer 21

• eukaryotic
• has nuclear membrane
• unicellular/multicellular

-Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

Question 22

Kingdom Protista

Answer 22

-single celled eukaryotes
Examples:
a. Algae-photosynthetic protist
b. Amoebae- irregularly shaed, causes amoebiasis

Question 23

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 23

• unicellular/ multicellular
• no chlorophyll
• saprophytic nutrition
• acquire nutrients through adsorption
• have cell wall (chitin)
• capabe of mitosis and meiosis and sexual reproduction
• don’t have lysosomes like plants

Examples:

a. Molds- found on bread
b. Yeast- used for baking

Question 24

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 24

• multicellular
• eukaryotic
• store carbohydrate in the form of “glycogen”
• reproduce sexually
• transmits impluse

Endoderms- warm-blooded
Ecthoderms- cold-blooded

Phylums: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes
Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

Question 25

Phylum Porifera

Answer 25

-“sponges”

Examples: Venus flower basket

Question 26

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 26

-with stinging cells or cnidocytes

Examples: corals, jellyfish

Question 27

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Answer 27

-“flatworms”

Examples: tapeworm, sheep liver fluke

Question 28

Phylum Nematoda

Answer 28

-“roundworms”

Example: Large intestinal roundworm, hookworm

Question 29

Phylum Mollusca

Answer 29

• soft bodied animals
• has body cavity or “coelom”
• Classes:
  a. Univavlves (Gastropoda)
  b. Bivalves (Pelecypoda)
  c. No Valve (Cephalopoda)

Question 30

Phylum Annelida

Answer 30

-“segmented worms”
-exhibits body segmentation or “metamerism”
Examples: earthworm, leech

Question 31

Phylum Arthropoda

Answer 31

• “joint legged”

- Classes: Crustaceans, Insects (6 legs) , Arachnids (8 legs), Centipedes, Millipedes

Question 32

Phylum Echinodermata

Answer 32

-with fadial penta-meric symmetry

Examples: star fish, sea star, sand dollars, sea cucumber, sea urchin

Question 33

Phylum Chordata

Answer 33

• with dorsal hollow nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal gill slits and notochord
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

Question 34

Class Amphibia

Answer 34

-respires through the skin
-live on both land and freshwater
Examples: toads, frogs

Question 35

Class Reptilia

Answer 35

-body covered in thick epidermal scales

Examples: turtles, alligators, crocodiles

Question 36

Class Aves

Answer 36

-body covered in feathers, may or may not be able to fly

Examles; pigeon, dove

Question 37

Class Mammalia

Answer 37

-has mammary glands and hair

Examples: dogs, cats, man

Question 38

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 38

• multicellular
• eukaryotes
• with chlorophyll
• photosynthetic

Phylums/ Divisions:

a. Division Bryophyta: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
b. Division Coniferophyta: conifers/gymnosperms
c. Division Magnoliophyta: angiosperms

Question 39

Classes of Fishes

Answer 39

a. Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Example: lampreys, hagfish

b. Chondrichthyes (Cartilageneous Fish)
Example: shark, stingray

c. Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Example: catfish, tuna