Plant Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The Plant Kingdom
multicellular organisms
photosynthetic
cell walls composed of cellulose
green pigment chlorophyll
Mosses
No vascular tissues
Ferns
No seeds; reproduce through spores
Seed Plants
Divided into: Flowering (Angiosperms) and Non-Flowering (Gymnosperms)
Angiosperms (Flowering)
Have seeds and bear flowers
Seeds are coated and undergo double fertilization
Categorized into: Monocot and Dicot
Gymnosperms (Non-flowering)
Have seeds but no flowers
Seeds are “naked”
Monocot
1 cotyledon
Dicot
2 cotyledon
Cotyledon
Primary leaf of the plant’s embryo
PLANT CELLS
Types:
Parenchyma Cells
Collenchyma Cells
Sclerenchyma Cells
Parenchyma Cells
Thin primary walls and retain protoplasm at maturity
Ex. cells in the leaves for photosynthesis; cells in the roots, stem storage
Collenchyma Cells
Thick primary walls and retain protoplasm at maturity
Function as support and located along side actively dividing cells
Ex. Cells responsible for “strength” of celery stalk
Sclerenchyma Cells
Cells with lignified secondary walls and lose their protoplasm at maturity
Ex. Xylem tissue fibers
PLANT TISSUES
Types: Dermal Tissue (protection) Vascular Tissue (transportation) Ground Tissue (support, storage, photosynthesis) Meristematic Tissue (growth and elongation)
Dermal Tissue
outer covering
Functions: Protection, Water Loss Prevention, CO2 Adsorption
Types: Trichomes, Cuticle, Stomata, Guard Cell
Trichomes
hair like protection
Cuticle
thin layer that prevents water loss
Stomata
Entrance of CO2
`
Guard Cell
Regulates the opening and closing of stomata
closing: hot days to prevent water loss
Vascular Tissue
present in almost all parts of the plant
Function: Water and Food Transportation
Types: Xylem, Phloem, Bundles, Rings, Annual Rings
Xylem
for water transport
Phloem
for food transport
Bundles
arrangement of vascular tissue for monocots
Rings
arrangement of vascular tissue for dicots
Annual Rings
Basis of age for trees
Result from difference of growth rate of plant cells between rainy and sunny seasons
Xylem grows at different rate depending on the season
Thicker: enough water
Thinner: lack of water
Ground Tissue
Situated between vascular and dermal tissue
Function: support and food storage and photosynthesis
Meristematic Tissue
Located at the tips (shoot tip and root tip)
Function: growth and elongation
cells are actively dividing
*Apical Meristem- for primary growth
Shoot Apical Meristem- shoot elongation
Root Apical Meristem- root elongation
*Lateral Meristem- secondary growth; stem thickening
PLANT ORGAN SYSTEMS
A. Shoot System
B. Root System
Shoot System
Above ground
Components:
Stem
Node
Internode
Modified Stem (B, R, T)
Leaves
Mesophyll
Flowers
Carpel/Pistil (Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule)
Stamen ( Anther, Filament)
Accessory Parts
Petal
Sepal
PeduncleStem
make plant upright
Node
attachment of leaves
Internode
spaces between nodes
Modified Stems ( B, R, T)
stem with specialized structures:
Bulb-vertical underground shoot ex. onion
Rhizome- horizontal underground shoot ex, ginger
Tuber- modified rhizome storage ex. cassava, potato
Leaves
attached to nodes and function for photosynthesis
*Mesophyll layer: contains photosynthetic paranchyma cells
Flower
mature ovary
3 general parts: male, female, accessory parts
Carpel/Pistil
Female part
Parts:
Stigma- sticky part which captures pollen
Style: holds stigma upright
Ovary: houses the ovule and develops into a fruit
Ovule: develops into a seed
Stamen
Male part
Parts:
Anther- releases pollen
Filament- holds the anther upright
Accessory Parts
Petal- attract pollinators (group: corolla)
Sepal- structural integrity (group calyx)
Peduncle: holds entire flower upright
Complete Flower
has stamen, pistil and accessory parts
Incomplete Flower
lacks some parts
Perfect Flower
contains both stamen and pistil
Imperfect Flower
lacks either stamen or pistil
Root System
underground part
Function: anchorage and adsorption
Types: Tap root, Fibrous root
Tap Root
one primary root and several lateral roots
DICOTS
Fibrous Root
no primary root and many branching roots
MONOCOTS
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Components:
A. Plant Nutrition
B. Plant Hormones
C. Alternation of Generation
Plant Nutrition
Macronutrients- required in large quantities
(C, H, O, N, S, P)
Micronutrients- required in small quantities
(Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn)
Hydroponics- growing plants in an aqueous solution wherein nutrients, pH and temperature are controlled
Aeroponics- growing of plants suspended in air
Plant Hormones
Auxin- growth hormone
- floral and fruit development, tissue differentiation
Gibberellin- plant height regulator
-seed germination
Ethylene- flowerng, hastens fruit ripening
Absciscasid- seed dormancy
- counters effect of auxin
Cytokinin- plant cell division
Alternation of Generation
Sporophyte (diploid or 2n)
-produces haploid (n) spores by meiosis
Gametophytes ( haploid or n)
- produced from mitosis of the zygotes
Pollination- occurs when pollen becomes attache with the stigma. pollen elongates down the style and releases two spermatozoa into embryo sac which fertilizes the egg (double fertilization for angiosperms)
Wind Pollination*- occurs for the plants with lack of scent, floral parts, nectar production but has high pollen production
-induces allergy among humans
After pollination: Formation of Endosperm
Seed Development
Fruit Development
