Properties of Life Flashcards
7 Innate Properties of Life
Evolution Response to the Environment Metabolism Reproduction Genetic Material Organization Homeostasis
Existence of Life can be be manifested by:
the presence of carbon
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Van der Waals Forces
Covalent Bond
sharing of electrons; two non-metal elements
Ionic Bond
transfer of electrons; metal and non-metal
Hydrogen Bond
attraction between positive H+ atom and negatively (-) charged lone electron pairs
Van der Waals Forces
Temporary dipole formation between two atoms of different electronegativities
Essential Elements
Major Elements
Trace Elements
Major Elements
CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
growth and development
Trace Elements
Vitamins (A, B, C, D, E, H, K)
required in small quantities
Vitamins
essential for normal growth and functioning of organisms
Vitamin A (Retinol/ Beta carotene)
healthy eyes, growth and development
Vitamin B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B9, B12)
(T, R, N, P, F, C)energy production from carbohydrates;
blood cell formation and normal nerve function
Vitamin C
Antioxidant;
connective tissue formation, bones and teeth
Vitamin D
normal bone growth and tooth function
Calcium and Phosphorus absorption
Vitamin E
Antioxidant;
Red Blood Cell (RBC) regulation and protects the body
Vitamin H (Biotin)
Metabolism of carbohydrates;
Synthesis of fats and proteins
Vitamin K
Blood Clotting
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Vitamin B3
Niacin
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates
contain C, H and O
classified based on number of sugar units
Empirical Formula: Cm(H20)n
Monosaccharide
one unit of saccharin (sugar)
Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Disaccharide
two units of sugar
Example: Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose
Oligosaccharide
three to nine monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
more than 10 monosaccharides
Examples: Starch-plant storage
Glycogen-animal storage
Lipids (Triglyceride, Animal, Plant)
organic compounds from alcohol and fatty acids
Triglyceride (neutral fat)
glycerol +3 fatty acids
Saturated Fat (animal fat)
stays solid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fat (vegetable fat)
stays liquid at room temperature
Proteins
contains C, H, O and N;
composed of amino acids linked together by a peptide bond
Amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Peptide bond
links amino acids
Examples of Proteins
Collagen, Elastin, Keratin-Structural Support
Actin, Myosin -Muscle Contraction
Insulin- Chemical Messengers
Ipoprotein, Hemoglobin- Transport
Enzymes- Catalyst of biological reactions
MHCs- Identification of self-cells
Albumin- Storage
Nucleic Acids
composed of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
Nucleotide
building block of nucleic acid
contains: Pentose sugar (pentagon), nitrogeneous base (rectangle), phosphate group (circle)
Nitrogeneous Base (Purine and Pyrimidine)
Purine: Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidine: Cytosine, Thymine
PARTNERS (meaning same amount):
Guanine——-Cytosine
Adenine——-Thymine
Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose, Ribose)
Deoxyribose: found in DNA
Ribose: found in RNA
DNA Structure and Characteristics
Double stranded
Starnds are anti-parallel: One strand: 5’—-> 3’
Partner strand: 3’——> 5’
Double helix
Properties of Water
Polar-contains both + and - charge making it an effective solvent
Capable of forming Hydrogen bonding (H+ and - atom)
Consequences of Hydrogen-Bonding
Cohesion-molecules aggregate together
Surface Tension-cohesion from H-bonding
High Specific Heat-able to resist temperature changes
High Latent Heat of Vaporization- high amount of heat to transform water to gas
High Latent of Fusion- high amount of heat to transform solid to liquid
Adhesion
water attracted to glass/ other substances
Cohesion
water attracted to water
