The Cell Flashcards
The Cell
Fundamental functional unit of life
Type of Cells
Prokayotic & Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
do not have “true” nucleus or any membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic Organisms:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes
possess “true” nucleus and membrane bound organelles
DNA is packed with histones which are proteins that wrapped around by DNA
Eukaryotic Organisms: Protists* Fungi Animals Plants
Prokaryotes
Nucleus: - DNA: Circular DNA Location: Nucleoid region Chromosomes: Single Histones: - Ribosomes: + Membrane-bound organelles: - Cell Division: Binary Fission
Eukaryotes
Nucleus: + DNA: Linear DNA Location: Nucleus Chromosomes: Multiple Histones: + Ribosomes: + Membrane-bound organelles: + Cell Division: Mitosis
PARTS OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
A. Cell Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model
Semi-permeable
B. Cytoplasm: portion of cell inside cell membrane
:filled with gel like material called cytosol
Membrane-bound Organelles
-Rough ER
-Smooth ER
-Golgi complex
-Lysosome
-Peroxisome
-Mitochondria
Non-Membrane-bound Organelles
-Ribosomes
-Centrioles
-Cytoskeletal Components: Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules
C. Nucleus: houses genetic material
Rough ER
proper folding of proteins; has ribosomes
Smooth ER
lipid and steroid synthesis
Golgi Complex
protein modification and packaging
steriod-based hormone production
Lysosome
programmed for cell death “apoptosis”
Peroxisome
breaking down of fatty acid; Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is involved
Mitochondria
“powerhouse”
ATP synthesis
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Centrioles
Microtubule formation during cell division
Microfilaments
gives shape to animal cells
Intermediate Filaments
structural support
Microtubules
movement of chromosomes during cell division
Endomembrane System
composed of membrane bound organelles involved in protein manufacturing
Components: Nucleus,—>Rough ER,—-> Golgi Complex
Nucleus
houses genetic material
Chromatin
DNA + Histones
Nucleolus
dark portion of nucleus
observed in non dividing cells
rich in RNA
Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane
encloses nucleus
separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
lined with nuclear pores
Plant Cell
Unique Components:
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Plastids
Does not have:
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Animal Cell
Unique Components:
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Does not have:
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Plastids
Movement of Material
A. Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
Concentration Gradients:
* Isotonic Solution
* Hypotonic Solution
* Hypertonic Solution
B. Active Transport
1. Endocytosis
* Phagocytosis
* Pinocytosis
2. Exocytosis
Passive Transport
movement of material which does not require energy or ATP
movement is guided by concentration gradients
Diffusion
movement of solutes from a high concentration to a low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
movement of solutes from a high concentration to a low concentration aided by membrane carriers
Osmosis
movement of solutes from a low concentration to a high concentration through a semipermeable membrane
Isotonic Solution
equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell
Hypertonic Solution
higher concentration of solute inside than outside the cell
which means loss of water in cell causing it to shrink (Plasmolysis)
Plant Cells: Flaccid
Animal Cells: Crenation
Hypotonic Solution
lower concentration of solute inside the cell than outside
which means huge amount of water in cell causing to swell or burst (Turgor Pressure)
Plant Cells: Turgid
Animal Cells: Burst
Active Transport
movement of material which requires energy or ATP
direction of transport usually against concentration gradient
Movement of Ions
faciliated through protein pumps
embedded across plasma membrane
Endocytosis
bulk entrance of material into a cell
Types: Phagocytosis: “cell eating”
Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”
Phagocytosis
“cell eating”
Pinocytosis
“cell drinking”
Exocytosis
bulk exit of material from a cell
