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Biology 102 - Intro and Fundamental Cell Biology > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

Full genetic information of an organism, divided across chromosomes

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2
Q

Shape of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Linear

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3
Q

Shape of prokaryotic chromosomes

A

Circular

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • Makes up chromosomes
  • DNA and associated proteins
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5
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A
  • Long, thin chromatin fibres, except for a period following DNA replication
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6
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A
  • Two joined copies of a duplicated chromosome
  • Initially attached by cohesin proteins
  • Attached most closely at their centromeres
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7
Q

What are arms?

A

Portion of a chromatid to either side of the centromere

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8
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Ordered sequence of events from the origin of a cell to its division

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9
Q

What is interphase?

A
  • Period of growth between cell divisions
  • Subdivided into G1, S and G2 phases
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10
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur in?

A

Synthesis (S) phase

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11
Q

What is the mitotic (M) phase?

A

Where mitosis and cytokinesis occurs

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12
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • Cell division
  • Produces two cels with identical genetic material
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13
Q

What are the 5 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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14
Q

What is mitotic spindle?

A
  • Microtubules fibres and associated proteins
  • In animal cells formation starts at centrosomes
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15
Q

What are asters?

A

Radial array of shorter microtubules extending from the centrosomes

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16
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A
  • Two centrosomes have formed through duplication of a single centrosome
  • Chromosomes are not condensed
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17
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Mitotic spindle and asters begin to form
  • Centrosomes begin movement towards opposite poles of the cell
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18
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense further
  • Nuclear envelope fragments
  • A kinetochore forms on each centromere
  • Kinetochore microtubules attach to each kinetochore
  • Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole
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19
Q

What interacts with kinetochore microtubules?

A

Sister chromatid interact with kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles

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19
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

A specialized protein structure

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20
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes are at the metaphase plate
  • Centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell and asters contact plasma membrane
21
Q

What is a metaphase plate?

A

Imaginary plane midway between the spindle’s two poles

22
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A
  • Cohesion proteins are split by separase, releasing sister chromatids
  • Chromosomes move towards opposite ends of the cell
23
Q

What are the two mechanisms to move chromosomes towards opposite ends of the cell?

A
  1. Motor proteins walk chromosomes along microtubules
  2. Motor proteins “reel in” the microtubules
24
Q

Final result of anaphase?

A
  • an elongated cell where each pole of the cell has a complete set of genetically identical chromosomes
25
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Two nuclei form in the cell and nucleoli reappear
  • Chromosomes become less condensed
  • Spindle microtubules are depolymerized
  • Cytoplasm is divided producing two daughter cells
26
Q

What is depolymerization?

A

breaking a polymer down into monomers or other smaller units

27
Q

What is cleavage?

A
  • The process of cytokinesis in animal cells
  • Involves pinching of plasma membrane
28
Q

What is cytokinesis mediated b?

A

A contractile ring of actin microfilaments associating with myosin

29
Q

What is myosin?

A

A motor protein

30
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • Cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cell plate from vesicles containing cell wall materials
31
Q

What undergoes binary fission and what does it mean generally?

A
  • Prokaryotes divide by binary fission
  • Process of dividing, resembles mitosis
32
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A
  • Cell enlargement, DNA replication and the dividing of the replicated chromosomes all occur at the same time
  • Cytokinesis occurs through pinching of the plasma membrane
33
Q

What is a check point?

A

A point where progression is stopped by a stop signal until a go-ahead signal allows it to continue

34
Q

What are the 3 important checkpoints?

A
  • G1 checkpoint
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M checkpoint
35
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A
  • Determines if cell division should occur
36
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A
  • Checks DNA integrity
  • Ensures absence of mutations
  • Makes sure all chromosomes are replicated
37
Q

M checkpoint

A
  • Checks that all sister chromatid are attached to kinetochore microtubules
38
Q

G0 Phase

A
  • A non-dividing phase of cells for cells that have left the cell cycle
  • Can be reversible
39
Q

What is cyclin?

A
  • A protein whose concentration fluctuates throughout the cell cycle
  • Concentration peaks during mitosis
40
Q

What is cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks)?

A
  • Protein kinases that only activate when to an appropriate cyclin molecule
41
Q

What is a maturation promoting factor (MPF)?

A

A cyclin-idk complex involved in the G2 checkpoint

42
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate others to divide

43
Q

What does Anchorage dependence mean?

A

Division in most animal cells require that they be attached to a solid surface

43
Q

What is density-depending inhibition?

A

When crowded cells stop dividing due to binding of cell-surface proteins of adjacent cells

44
Q

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A
  • Continuously divide and don’t need normal signals regulating the cell cycle
  • Replicate without growth factors
45
Q

What does transformation mean?

A

Conversion of a normal animal cell into a cancerous one

46
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • Cancer cells with too few mutations to spread to other parts of the body
47
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Cancer cells capable of spreading to new tissues

48
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

A drug that actively attacks rapidly dividing cells

49
Q

What does taxol do?

A
  • Type of chemotherapy drug
  • Freezes the mitotic spindle by preventing microtubule depolymerization
50
Q

What are HeLa cells?

A

Cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks with her consent

Biology 102 - Intro and Fundamental Cell Biology (10 decks)

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