Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

4 macromolecule classes

Answer 1

1. Lipids (only one that is not a polymer)
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Long molecule made of repeating similar subunits

Question 3

Monomer

Answer 3

Individual building block

Question 4

How are polymers made and degraded?

Answer 4

By enzymes through dehydration and hydrolysis reactions

Question 5

General overview of lipids

Answer 5

• Hydrophobic
• Not polymers
• Functions in cell structure, energy storage and cell signalling

Question 6

Fat biological makeup

Answer 6

Fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

Question 7

Saturated fats

Answer 7

• Have single bonds
• Solid at room temperature

Question 8

Unsaturated fats

Answer 8

• Have double and single bonds
• Liquid at room temperature

Question 9

Phospholipids

Answer 9

Amphipathic molecule that form the basis of cell membranes

Question 10

Phospholipids biological makeup

Answer 10

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group covalently bonded to a glycerol

Question 11

Steroids biological makeup

Answer 11

Consist of four fused rings

Question 12

Carbohydrates functions

Answer 12

• Energy generation and storage
• Raw material for biological molecules
• Cell and organism structure

Question 13

Carbohydrates simple definition

Answer 13

Monomers and polymers of sugars

Question 14

Monosaccharide

Answer 14

• Simple sugar monomer
• 3 to 8 carbon atoms
• Chemical formula that is a multiple of CH2O

Question 15

Disaccharide

Answer 15

• Two monosaccharides connected via covalent glycosidic linkages

Question 16

Polysaccharide

Answer 16

Polymer of ten to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 17

Nucleic acids

Answer 17

• Polymers of nucleotides
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Genetic material of all life on Earth

Question 18

Nucleotide

Answer 18

Has a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate molecule

Question 19

What is the sugar in RNA?

Answer 19

Ribose

Question 20

What is the sugar in DNA?

Answer 20

Deoxyribose

Question 21

Pyrimidines

Answer 21

Nitrogenous base that consists of one ring

Question 22

Purines

Answer 22

Nitrogenous base that consists of 2 fused rings

Question 23

How are nucleotides connected?

Answer 23

via phosphodiester linkages in nucleic acid

Question 24

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 24

Storage and transmission of hereditary information

Question 25

What is a gene?

Answer 25

A stretch of DNA encoding a specific RNA or protein

Question 26

What is gene expression?

Answer 26

The production of RNA, and then protein, from a gene

Question 27

What are proteins/polypeptides made up of?

Answer 27

Polymers of amino acids

Question 28

Amino Acids

Answer 28

- 20 amino acids - 4 features: alpha-carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and a side chain

Question 29

4 different categories of side chains found in amino acids

Answer 29

1. Non-polar side chains 2. Polar side chains 3. Negativity charged side chains 4. Positively charged side chains

Question 30

What is the bond between amino acids called?

Answer 30

Peptide bonds

Question 31

Primary (protein organization)

Answer 31

Linear chain of amino acids

Question 32

Secondary (protein organization)

Answer 32

- Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone - Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets

Question 33

Tertiary (protein organization)

Answer 33

3D shapes stabilized by interactions between amino acid side chains

Question 34

Quaternary (protein organization)

Answer 34

Association of two or more polypeptides

Question 35

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 35

- Thymine - Cytosine - Uracil

Question 36

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Answer 36

- Adenine - Guanine