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Biology 102 - Intro and Fundamental Cell Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

Method of communication that allows bacteria to detect population density

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2
Q

Local Signalling

A
  • Signalling that occurs in near by cells
  • Includes direct contact via cell junctions and cell-to-cell recognition
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3
Q

Long-distance signalling

A

Signalling that occurs between different parts of the body

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4
Q

How does long-distance signalling work?

A

Based on the secretion of hormones produced by plants and animals

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5
Q

Endocrine Signalling

A

Long-distance signalling in animals

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell signalling?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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7
Q

What does reception require?

A

A protein with the correct binding site to recognize a signalling molecule

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8
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that specifically binds to another often larger molecule

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9
Q

What happens when a signalling molecule binds to a receptor?

A
  • Its binding impacts the shape and function of the receptor
  • Activates it
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10
Q

2 different types of receptors

A
  1. Cell-surface receptors
  2. Intracellular proteins
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11
Q

What are cell-surface receptors?

A
  • Integral membrane proteins
  • 3 main types exist
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12
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A
  • First type of cell-surface receptor
  • Work with a G protein that binds to GDP/GTP
  • Activate or inhibit GDP/GTP
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13
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

A
  • Second type of cell-surface receptor
  • Self-phosphorylates, dimerizes and structurally modifies relay proteins
  • Can activate up to 10 signal transduction pathways
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14
Q

Dimerization

A

Process of joining molecular entities by bonding

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15
Q

Ligand-gated ion channel receptors

A
  • Third type of cell-surface receptor
  • Channel that opens in response to a signalling molecule
  • For signal molecules and transported metabolite
  • Can be voltage-gated
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16
Q

Histidine Kinases (HKs)

A
  • Cell-surface receptor in bacteria
  • Self-phosphorylates, then phosphorylates a response regulator protein
  • For signal molecule and response regulator
17
Q

Signalling Molecules

A

Molecules that are hydrophobic and small enough to pass through the plasma membrane

17
Q

Examples of signalling molecules

A

Steroids and NO gas

18
Q

Where are intracellular receptors found?

A

In the cytoplasm and nucleus

19
Q

Functions of intracellular receptors

A
  • Increase or decrease the rate of transcription
  • DNA binding protein that influences gene expression
20
Q

Signal Transduction

A
  • Conversion of a signal into a form that can cause a specific cellular response
  • Can be a single step but more often is a multistep process
21
Q

Multistep signal transduction pathway

A
  • Enable amplification of the signal and more opportunities for regulation
  • Involves relay molecules
22
Q

Protein Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

A
  • Method of regulating protein function
  • Through addition or removal of phosphates
23
Q

Protein Kinase

A
  • Enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a protein from ATP
24
Q

Protein phosphatase

A

Enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein

25
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A

Signalling pathway involving a series of phosphorylation events

26
Q

What are second messengers?

A
  • Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules
  • Can diffuse through cytoplasm
27
Q

Second messenger functions

A
  • Involved in signal transduction
  • Influence activity of relay proteins
28
Q

What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A
  • Second messenger
  • Activates other proteins, usually protein kinase A
29
Q

How is cyclic AMP synthesized?

A
  • Synthesized by adenylyl cyclase, which is activated and inhibited by G protein-coupled receptors
30
Q

What are calcium ions?

A
  • Second messenger
  • Act as allosteric regulators of proteins involving G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases
31
Q

Where are calcium ions found in the cell?

A
  • Higher concentrations in extracellular fluid and ER lumen than in cytosol
  • Release of calcium ions from ER lumen are mediated by IP3
32
Q

What is a response?

A
  • Final stage of cell signalling
  • Involves changes in gene expression
  • Can also involve regulating the rate of a protein’s activity
33
Q

How does a response change gene expression?

A

Through the activation or repression of the transcription of specific genes

34
Q

What is a proteome?

A

Complete set of proteins present in a cell

35
Q

What is signal specificity?

A

Different cells have different responses to the same signal based on their collection of proteins

36
Q

What is signal termination?

A
  • Once the signal is removed everything inactivates
  • Based on reversibility of the changes produced by a signal

Biology 102 - Intro and Fundamental Cell Biology (10 decks)

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