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Bio 1A03 > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes can make ______ of their genomes then segregate one cpoy into each of the 2 daughter cells. This is a form of _________ ___________ called binary fission

A

exact copies, asexual reproduction

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2
Q

What are the 2 eukaryotic cell stages?

A

Interphase (S, G1, G2)
Mitosis

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3
Q

What processes does interphase involve?

A

-Preparations for cell division
-DNA replication in S phase
-Increase in cell size
-G1 prepares for DNA synthesis
-G2 prepares for mitosis

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4
Q

What is the Go phase?

A

A long, short, or permanent pause in cell division after mitosis

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5
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Gap growth phase, prepares fro DNA synthesis

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6
Q

What is the S phase?

A

DNA replication in the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Gap growth phase, prepares for mitosis

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8
Q

How do homologous chromosomes form?

A

Homologous chromosomes replicate (centromeres included), homologs fuse at the centromere and become sister chromatids in a homologous chromosome

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9
Q

When do chromosomes become compacted?

A

Between G2 and M phase

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10
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

-Identical sister chromatids join at centromeres
-Centrosomes begin to radiate microtubules forming a mitotic spindle

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11
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Microtubules attach to kinetichores on the centromeres
-Polar microtubules from the centrosomes push the poles apart

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12
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

-Alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate
-Kinetichore microtubules attach to kinetichores and facilitate alignment

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13
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

-Kinetichore microtubules shorten
-Sister chromatids separate and move towards spindle poles
-Polar microtubuules elongate the cell

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14
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

-2 daughter nuclei form
-Chromosomes decondense
-cytokinesis signals end of mitosis

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15
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in animal cells?

A

-A contractile ring made of motor proteins contract bundles of actin fibers along the middle of the cell
-Cleavage furrow separates the cell in 2

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16
Q

The MPF depends on ______ and _____ to regulate the cell cycle

A

cyclin, cyclin dependent kinase

17
Q

Cyclin was discovered due to ______________, increasing and decreasing with each division

A

oscillation in intensity

18
Q

What are the 3 types of CDK?

A

-G1/S cyclin CDK; prepares for DNA replicaiton
-S cyclin CDK; initiates DNA synthesis
-M cyclin CDK; initiates mitosis

19
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

They block cyclin-CDK activity if something goes wrong and can pause cell division

20
Q

What are the 3 cell cycle checkpoints?

A

-DNA damage checkpoints
-DNA replication checkpoints
-Spindle assembly checkpoint

21
Q

DNA damage checkpoints

A

End of G1, only undamaged DNA enters S phase

22
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

End of G2, mitosis only begins when all DNA is replicated

23
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Mitosis is only complete if all chromosomes are attached to a kinetichore microtubule

24
Q

How does the DNA damage checkpoint work?

A

-Protein kinases phosphorylate P53 to inhibit cell cycle
-P53 is usually present in low levels; when phosphorylated it accumulates
-CDK pauses G1

25
Q

How does the spindle assembly checkpoint work?

A

-In prometaphase regulatory proteins monitor whether sister chromatids are attached to microtubules
-Unattached kinetichores create a wait signal and checkpoint proteins are recruited
-A lack of tension in the centromere activates these proteins
-When each chromatid is attached separase enzymes break chromatid attachments

26
Q

Name of researchers who proved semiconservative model

A

Mehelson and stahl

27
Q

How was DNA proved to be semiconservative?

A

Using nitrogen isotopes, when centrifuged DNA sat between light and heavy isotopes, proving a combination

28
Q

Prrokaryotes have ___ origin/s of replicatiotn

A

1

29
Q

The template strand is read _______ and written _____

A

3’ to 5’
5’ to 3’ (DNA polymerase builds 5’ to 3’)

30
Q

What are replication forks

A

Where DNA unwinding begins

31
Q

What is RNA primer?

A

Needed to begin replication initiation, 5-10 nucleotides in length

32
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase build?

A

5’ to 3’

Bio 1A03 (15 decks)

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