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Bio 1A03 > From Gene to Protein > Flashcards

From Gene to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

Are DNA molecules found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes the same?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

sections of DNA containing information that is transcribed into RNA for proteins

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3
Q

What are genes?

A

sections of DNA containing information that is transcribed into RNA for proteins

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4
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into an amino acid sequence

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5
Q

What is different about the structure of RNA and of DNA

A

-DNA is 2 stranded, RNA is one stranded
-RNA contains a ribose sugar and uracill instead of deoxyribose and thymine

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6
Q

What is the promoter region

A

Transcription start point situatied upstream (5’), RNA polymerase attaches there

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7
Q

Which direction does RNA polymerase read and write

A

Reads template srands in a 3’-5’ direction

Writes the RNA strand in the 5’-3’ direciton

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8
Q

What is the consensus nuelceotide sequence in prokaryotes

A

TATAAT positioned 10 base pairs upstream and serves as part of the promoter region

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9
Q

What is the second consensus nucleotide sequence in prokaryotes

A

TTGCCA 35 base pairs upstream of the transcription start point

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10
Q

What is the structure of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes

A

They have 1 type of RNA polymerase, a globular protein with channels running through it, with the active site where phosphodiester bonds are formed found at channel intersections

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11
Q

What are sigma factors

A

Found in prokaryotes, helps RNA polymerase bind to DNA at promoter regions

Binds with RNA polymerase to create a holoenzyme

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12
Q

What is a holoenzyme

A

Binds to and unwinds DNA
Made of RNA polymerase and sigma factor

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13
Q

How do incoming nucleotides attach themselves to the growing strand

A

-3’-OH separates phosphate bond from triphosphate, creating a phosphodiesterr bond between the incoming nucleotide and growing strand
-Two phosphates are released as pyrophosphate

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14
Q

What is a Rho-independent terminator sequence

A

-Contains inverted repeat followed by a string of 6 adenines
-Inverted repeats are transcribed and fold in on themselves into a hairpin loop
-This pauses RNA and releases the mRNA

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15
Q

What is a rho-dependent terminator sequence

A

-Uses a rho factor protein
-Binds to and uses ATP to move along RNA and unwinds it from DNA template

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16
Q

What allows rapid reproduction in prokaryotes?

A

-Transcription and translation can happen at the same time
-Processes happen in the same area due to lack of nucleus

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17
Q

What ar transcription factor proteins

A

-Found in eukaryote (instead of sigma)
-Helps RNA polymerase bind

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18
Q

what is RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes genes for rRNA

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19
Q

What is RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes mRNA for proteins

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20
Q

What is RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes genes for tRNA and small regulatory RNA molecules

21
Q

How is RNA modified in eukaryotes to leave the nucleus

A

-5’ cap and poly A tail

22
Q

What is a 5’ cap

A

-Attached when transcription begins
-7-methylguanosine
-Guanosyl enzyme attaches 5’ cap

23
Q

What is a poly-A tail

A

-Attached to 3’ end of mRNA following polyadenylation sequence
-Once AATAAA is transcribed, mRNA is cleaved and poly(A) polymerase adds 150-200 adenines

24
Q

How does the polyAtail and 5’ cap protect the mRNA

A

-Prevents ribonuccleasee enzymes from targeting phosphodiester bonds
-Helps with ribosome attachment

25
Q

What kind of termination does RNA polymerase I use

A

similar to rho-dependent

26
Q

What kind of termination does RNA polymerase II use

A

termination coupled with polyadenylation

27
Q

What kind of termination does RNA polymerase III use

A

termination sequence similar to rho-independent

28
Q

What are spliceosomes

A

Location of splicing, made up of 5 small ribonucleooproteins (snRNPs)

29
Q

How does the splicing of introns happen

A

-RNA in spliceosomes recognizes and pairs with nucleotides at the ends of introns
-Cut end forms a loop
-New phosphodiester bond is formed between the 3’ upstream exon and 5’ downstream exon

30
Q

why did Gamow decide there must be 3 nucleotides in a codon

A

1 would make no sense because there would only be 4 possible amino acids, 2 was also not enough becuase there would be only 16

31
Q

How can there be 64 possible combinations yet only 20 amino acids?

A

Some codons code for the same amino acid, but no codons code for multiple amino acids

32
Q

What did Nirenberg and Matthaei determine

A

-Put all components necessary for protein synthesis into tubes
-Only uracil resulting in only phenylalanine
-Uracil and cytosine alternating gave serine and leucine alternating
-Proved there are 3 nucleotides in a codon, more trials found other combinations

33
Q

What is the template strand

A

-Non-coding
-Minus strand
-Antisense strand
-Complimentary to RNA

34
Q

What is the non-template strand

A

-Coding strand
-Plus strand
-Sense strand
-Same code as RNA except for thymine

35
Q

What does AUG code for

A

-Start codon
-Methionine

36
Q

What are the stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

37
Q

What is the open reading frame

A

sequence of a gene from the triplet start codon to the triplet stop codon

38
Q

How many possible reading frames are there if a DNA molecule is unknown

A

6

39
Q

What are the steps of prokaryotic protein synthesis

A

transcription-initiation-elongation-termination-translation

40
Q

What are the steps of eukaryotic protein synthesis

A

transcription-initiation-elongation-termination-mRNA processing-RNA export-translation

41
Q

What changes phenotype for hair colour

A

Amino acid variation in melanocortin receptors

42
Q

Why does transgenics work

A

-The genetic code is shared almost universally
-There are genetic similarities but there are limitations
-Some species have the same codons, but they may code for different amino acids

43
Q

What is retinoblastoma

A

cancer caused by disruption of Rb protein in eye

44
Q

What does the Rb protein do

A

Regulates cell cycle (apoptosis)

If it fails, cancer/cell division occurs

45
Q

Metastasis

A

cancer spreads through blood and lymphatic system to other areas

46
Q

How does chemotherapty work

A

-Drugs travel via liposomes to areas of cancer growth to reduce cell division
-Inhibit topoisomerases needed to unwind DNA for replication

47
Q

What makes triple -ve breast cancer aggressive

A

-Rapid spreading and cell diviison
-No estrogen and progesterone receptors making it difficult to treat via hormonal/lipid medicaiton
-Radiation and chemotherapy are the only current options

48
Q

How can triple -ve breast cancer risk be determined

A

-Kaiso expression levels
-Prevalent in black and hispanic women

49
Q

What is kaiso

A

-Transcription factor
-Regulates expression of how cells grow, adhere, and die
-Malfunction leads to tumours and agressive cancer spread

Bio 1A03 (15 decks)

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