Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring '20/ L. A&P > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

1
Q

total body of water

A

Total body water (TBW) is 60% of body weight [ you are 2/3 water ! ]
increased in new born , decreased in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

intracellular fluid

A

Is 2/3 of total body water (TBW)
Major cation is ____
Major anion are protein and organic phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Is 1/3 of total body water (TBW)
Composed of interstitial fluid and plasma
Major cation is ______
Major anion is Cl- and HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

extra cellular fluid

A

Plasma is ¼ of ECF
Interstitial fluid is ¾ of ECF
Plasma and interstitial fluids are separated by capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

Receptors - provide information about stimuli

Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative Feed back control

A

Promotes stability, prevents over-excitation

Most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Positive Feed back control:

A

Rare , explosive, viscous cycle

LH surge just before ovulation, blood clotting, labor contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proteins:

A

Provide “specificity” to a membrane

Defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

integral protein

peripheral protein

A

integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, etc.
Span the entire membrane
Are anchored through hydrophobic interactions with the phospholipids bilayer
Include ion channels, pores, carriers, G protein, enzymes etc.
Include hormone receptors

peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
Are not embedded in the cell membrane
On both side, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Control transport of substances across cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbohydrates (3 types)

A

Glycolipids (approx. 10%)
Glycoproteins (majority of integral proteins)
Proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Negative charge of the carbo chains repels other
negative charges
Involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions “cell marker”
Play a role in immune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cholesterol

A

Present in membranes in varying amounts
Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and
PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membrane)
Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell Membrane“Gate Keeper

A 
Composed primarily of lipid (50%) and protein (50%)
Lipids
Phospholipid (most abundant)
Glycolipid
Cholesterol 
Proteins
Channels 
Receptors 
Enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell membrane

A

50% protein 50% lipid

Lipid bilayer—barrier to water and water-soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, which is hydrophilic (water-soluble) heads, and two fatty acid tails, which is hydrophobic (water insoluble). The hydrophobic tails faces each other and form a bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lipid soluble substances

A

(e.g. O2,CO2 ,N2, steroid hormones, isoflurane, unionized form of drug, non-polar molecules ) cross cell membrane because they can dissolve in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Water-soluble substances

A

(e.g. ions (Na+ K+, Cl-), glucose, ionized form of drug, polar molecules and water) cannot dissolve in the lipid of the membrane, therefore cannot cross the cell membrane. But they may cross through channels, pores or may be transported by carriers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

peripheral proteins

A

peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
Are not embedded in the cell membrane
On both side, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
Control transport of substances across cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pinocytosis

A

– ingestion of smaller particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of larger particles/bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

opsonization

A

binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria enhancing phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mechanism of pinocytosis

A

a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of Clathrin?

A

Clathrin (mechanism of pinocytosis) performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of microtubules where proteins are “processed”
Site of intracellular calcium storage
Smooth ER has no ribosomes [ form lipids/steroids]
Rough ER has ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ribosomes (80S)

A

are factories for protein synthesis

60S and 40S subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

golgi apparatus

A

Secretory functions

Final packing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive system of cell– contain hydrolases
Allow phagocytosis of bacteria
Remove damage tissues “ recycling centers”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Similar to lysosomes

Help in detoxification (e.g. alcohol )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

from the golgi Exocytosis stimulated by Ca++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mitochondria

A

POWERHOUSE” of cell
More active cells have more mitochondria; like _____HEART
Have electron transport chain
Convert food stuff into energy in the form of ATP
via the process of oxidative phosphorylation
CN-, CO inhibit ATP synthesis
Contains their own DNA
Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial diseases. Why?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Microtubules

A 
Provide skeleton and rigid support to cell
Drugs that act on microtubules
Griseofulvin (Anti-fungal)
Mebendazole (Antihelminthic) hook warm
Vincristine ( Anti-cancer)
Paclitaxel ( anti-breast cancer)
Colchicine ( Anti-gout)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nucleus

A

Command and control Center” of cell
Contain DNA – Gene
Chromosomes are condensed genetic material

33
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

have thousands of pores

34
Q

Chromatin

A

(condensed DNA) is found in nucleoplasm

35
Q

Nucleoli

A

Accumulation of RNA

Forms ribosomes

36
Q

Lysosomal Storage diseases

A

tay sachs

37
Q

intracellular connections

tight junctions

A

Attachment between cells, often epithelial cells

May be ‘tight’ (impermeable), as DCT or ‘leaky’ (permeable) as in PCT

38
Q

Gap junctions “communicating junctions”

A

Are the attachments between cells that permit intercellular communication
Permits current flow and electrical coupling between myocardial cells
Offers least resistance to flow of ions
In MI these gap junctions close leading to ____________

39
Q

b-oxidation of fatty acids explain-

A

Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids is called -oxidation occurs only in the mitochondria.
First ,Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria. This is a carrier mediated transport by carnitine shuttle. Once inside the mitochondria, the fatty acids splits away from the carnitine .
The fatty acid molecule is degraded in the mitochondria and results 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA.
The Acetyl-CoA molecules formed by -oxidation in mitochondria enter the Citric Acid cycle
Tremendous amount of ATP (146 molecules) are formed by -oxidation from one molecule of fatty acids (Guyton page 823)

40
Q

atp is used for

A

Transportation of substances across membrane
Synthesis of compounds
Muscle contraction

41
Q

The end product of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism is

A

Acetyl-CoA

42
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

(Immotile cilia syndrome) is due to a dynein arm defect, resulting in immotile cilia
Sinus inversus- heart on the right and liver on the left.
Sterility in male and female; Why? Sperm is unable to swim women can’t move eggs down
Recurrent sinusitis; Why?
Brochiectasis

43
Q

dna

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid
Double stranded
Located mainly in nucleus

Contains nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate
NB are Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
Deoxyribose sugar

44
Q

rna

A

Ribo nucleic acid
Single stranded
Located in nucleus and cytoplasm
Contains nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate
NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
Ribose sugar

45
Q

Pyrimidines

A

(Cytosine,Uracil, Thymine) have one ring (CUT the Py[pie] Pyramidines)
Uracil found in RNA, thymine in DNA

46
Q

Purines

A

(Adenine,Guanine) have two rings. PURe As Gold

47
Q

osmolarity formula

A

2(Na)+0.055(GLUCOSE)+0.36(BUN)

48
Q

DNA ligase

A

by which repairs are made

49
Q

DNA polymerase

A

new” DNA is proofread by

50
Q

Transcription– Formation of mRNA

A

Step1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence
Step2. The RNA polymerase temporarily “unwinds” the DNA double helix
Step3. The polymerase “reads” the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA molecules to the DNA template
Step4. “Activated” RNA molecules react with the growing end of the RNA strand and added (3’ end)
Step5. Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminating codon, releasing both the polymerase and RNA strand

51
Q

local anesthetics can be ionized form or unionized form

A

(lah+)-ionized

la-unionized

52
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome- defective microtubules; decrease phagocytosis; increase infections (bubble babies)

53
Q

dna strand

A

Helical double-stranded structure (twisted ladder) of the gene. The outside strands are composed of phosphoric acid and the sugar deoxyribose. The internal molecules connecting the two strands of the helix are purine and pyrimidine bases; these determine the “code” of the gene

54
Q

what end do nucleotides get added to

A

Nucleotides are always added to the 3’ end

55
Q

amino acid production

A

A messenger RNA strand is moving through two ribosomes. As each “codon” passes through, an amino acid is added to the growing protein chain, which is shown in the right-hand ribosome. The transfer RNA molecule transports each specific amino acid to the newly forming protein.

56
Q

mrna

A

which carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm. They are long single stranded molecules containing codons —code triplets for amino acids

57
Q

trna

A

acts as carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes

58
Q

rrna

A

which are present in ribosomes and synthesize proteins translation

59
Q

transcription

A

The formation of mRNA is called transcription and is controlled by RNA polymerase

60
Q

translation

A

mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins (translation)

61
Q

clavulanic acid+ beta-lactamase

A

augmenting

62
Q

simple diffusion

A

Lipid-soluble molecules move readily across the membrane
(rate depends on lipid solubility)
Water-soluble molecules cross via channels or pores

63
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium pump)
Keeps intracellular K+ high and intracellular Na+ low by moving 3Na+out and 2K+ in, using ATP
Maintains normal cell volume. How?
Insulin stimulates Na+/K+ pump , corrects hyperkalemia by moving K+ into the cells.
Beta agonist e.g. ritodrine (Yutopar), terbutaline and epinephrine stimulate Na+/K+ pump  Hypokalemia
Beta blockers  Hyperkalemia
Ouabain and digitalis inhibit the Na+-K+ pump. na/k pump atp. ca/atpase pump ca in sarcomplasmic reticulum. H/K/ATPase - proton pump.

64
Q

Secondary Active Transport co porters

A

Postulated mechanism for sodium co-transport of glucose,

amino acids, hc03

65
Q

dna replication

A

nucleotides are added to the 3’ end dna is proof read by dan polymerase
repairs are made by dan ligase

66
Q

bind to 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides. tetracycline

67
Q

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin. clindamycin

A

bind to 50s bacterial ribsomsome

68
Q

sulfonamide

A

inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid

69
Q

rifampin

A

blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis

70
Q

quinolone- cipro, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid

A

inhibit bacterial dna gyrase topoisomerase II

71
Q

penicillin cephalosporin vancomycin

A

interfere with bacterial call wall synthesis

72
Q

polymyxin

A

disrupt permeability of bacterial cell membrane- leakage of cell contents

73
Q

metronidazole

A

disrupts microsomal dna snythesis

74
Q

clavulanic acid plus beta lactamase

A

augumentin

75
Q 
secondary active transport
counter transport (antiport) exchange
A

examples- sodium goes in, calcium went outside. sodium goes in, hydrogen goes out. na/hco3 inside and cl/hydrogen go out.

76
Q

GLUT4

A

In diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require insulinIn diabetes mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require insulin

77
Q

Cardiac glycosides (digitalis)

A 
Cardiac glycosides (digitalis) increase the force of contraction by inhibiting Na/K ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane.
As a result of this inhibition, the intracellular [Na] increases, diminishing the Na gradient across the cell membrane
Na/Ca exchange (a mechanism that extrudes Ca from the cell) depends on the size of the Na gradient and thus is diminished, producing an increase in intracellular Ca.
Higher the Ca, more forceful will be the contraction of myocardial cell.
78
Q

excotyosis

A

Release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminals

extrusion of cellular contents

Spring '20/ L. A&P (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions