Neuro PPT #1 Flashcards
Organization of Nervous System
Nervous system divided into 2 branches
1) peripheral Nervous system 2) Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system divided into the sensory and motor division.
What are the subdivisions if the motor division of the PNS?
1) Autonomic Nervous System comprised of the enteric, parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
2) the somatic nervous system responsible for the skeletal muscles.
The Brain stem is comprised of ?
Midbrain, pons , and medulla oblongata
List the sulcus, fissure last and gyri of the brain
Inf. Frontal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus(rolando), postcentral sulcus, superior parietal lobule, interparietal sulcus , inferior parietal lobule , parietoocipotal sulcus , preoccipital notch , horizontal sulcus , medulla oblongata, lateral fissure(Sylvius), orbital gyri .
Premotor area
6
Part of the extrapyramidal circuit
Frontal lobe
North
Frontal eye movement and pupillary change area
8
Frontal lobe
Midway
Motor Speech
Broca’s area 44,45 Frontal lobe (south )
Principal motor area
4
Frontal lobe
Really North Pole is frontal lobe
Principal sensory area
Principle sensory area (3,1,2)
Principle visual cortex
#17 Occipital love
Primary auditory cortex
41,42
Temporal lobe
Associative auditory cortex
22
Also named wernick’s area
Temporal lobe
Area8
Frontal eye field
Areas 3-1-2
Postcentral principal sensory areas.
Area 4
Principal motor area
Area 6
Premotor area
Area 5,7
Sensory association areas
Area 18, 19
Visual association area
Area 17
Principal visual cortex ( striate)
Area 18-19
Visual association areas
Tell me about the nerves arising from the spinal cord .
There are 31 pairs of MIXED nerves arising from it . They supply all body parts except the head. They are named according to their point of issue.
Cervical: C1-C8, Thoracic T1-T12, Lumbar L1-L5, Sacral S1-S5, Coccygeal C0.
At what level are the cervical and brachial plexus?
At the Cervical level, cervical plexus first then the brachial plexus .
Name the all the plexus along the Ali al cord
Cervical , brachial , lumbar and sacral plexus
What are plexuses?
They are interlacing nerve network.
The are formed by all ventral rami except——-
A plexus results in a …
Branch . Each branch contains fibers from SEVERAL spinal nerves.
Why can’t damage to one spinal segment completely paralyze a muscle.
Because the Fibers that make up the nerve plexus branches travel to the PERIPHERY via several different routes.
And because Each muscle receives a nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve.
Plexus Branches Fibers
A plexus : interlacing network of ventral rami results in branches.
Branches : contain fibers from several spinal nerves .
Fibers: travel to periphery via several DIFFERENT routes
Plexus~Branches ~Fibers
Brachial plexus location
From C5 to T1 , and maybe even sometimes C4-T2
What does the brachial plexus innervate ? And how ?
It gives rise to the nerves that then innervate the upper limb.
How many many major branches of the Brachial plexus ?
4 major.
The roots , the Trunks, the divisions and the cords.
In addition : the branches .
How many roots of the brachial plexus and what is their location ?
The are 5 ventral(anterior) rami : C5,C6,C7,C8,T1 ( C5-T1)
How many trunks of the brachial plexus?
3 trunks : Superior (upper) Middle and Inferior(lower)
How many divisions of the brachial plexus?
There are 3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions
The anterior divisions
Are the superior, lateral and inferior. The server the front of the limb.
In other words : anterior lateral , anterior medial and anterior posterior division serving the front of the limb
The posterior division are
The lateral, the medial and posterior which serve the back of the limb
In other words: the posterior lateral , the posterior medial , and the posterior posterior division serving the back of the limb
What are the branches of the Branches or the Brachial plexus ? Meaning the minor The minor branches or the Beer in the Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer acronym?
1) The superficial branch( radial nerve) ,
2) the branches of the ulnar nerve : which are the Digital,the Dorsal,and the Superficial branch of the Ulnar nerve .
3) the Median nerve branches : Muscular and digital branches of the Median nerve .
What are the branches of the median nerve ?
The Muscular and the Digital branch.
What are the branches of the Ulnar nerve ?
The Superficial, the Dorsal and the Digital.
What are the branches of the radial nerve ?
Only one branch : the Superficial branch is the radial nerve .
Second most common post-op peripheral neuropathy
Brachial plexus
How many nerves in the Brachial Plexus and name them .
The are 5 terminal brachial plexus nerves and 1 intercostobrachial nerve
- Axillary 2. Radial
- musculocutaneous, 4. Ulnar, 5 radial.
Nerve innervation ! When I say axillary , you say …
Deltoid and Teres minor .
Nerve innervation! Musculocutaneous nerve sends …
Fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachii and the brachialis . Flex your elbow !!
Flexion of the elbow is thanks to what nerve innervation?
The musculocutaneous nerve which sends fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachi and the brachialis.
Nerve innervation! The Median Nerve …
Branches to most of the flexor muscles of the fire and and the opponens pollicis .
Allow 4 movement types :
Flexion if the wrist
Opposition is the thumb
Probation of the firearm
Flexion if the last wrap 3 fingers.
*The median nerve has 2 branches muscular and digital!
Nerve innervation! The Ulnar nerve :
Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum profundus. 3 movement types : Addiction of the fingers Flexion of the medial two fingers Flexion of the wrist
Nerve Innervation! The radial nerve.
All extensors of arm and forearm . 3 movement types : Supination of the forearm Extension of wrist and fingers Extension at elbow .
Intercostobrachial nerve innervation 💣
Blocked to reduce pain from tourniquet during IV regional neural anesthesia.
He structures of a neuron
The cell body or soma , the nucleus, the dendrites, the axon hillock followed by the initial second of the axon( not covered with myelin sheath ) the axon, the node of Ranvier , schwan cell .
* the impulse travels from cell body to axon to terminal buttons .
Role of Schwann cell
Wraps around the axon and provides insulation. Demyelination leads to slow or blocks conduction . For example : multiple sclerosis
What are Node of Ranviers
Gaps between myelin sheath.
Action potential only Halle a at nodes of ranvier because they are rich of Na+/K+ channels. Depolarization happens from Node to Node jumping ( saltatory conduction )
They interrupt the myelin sheath every 1-3 mm
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized and transported to?
Synthesis: in cell body
Transported to the synaptic knobs.
Node to node jumping of depolarization…
Saltatory conduction
Types of neurons
Bipolar, unipolar , pseudounipolar, multipolar .
Other subtypes : sensory, motor and interneuron.
Characteristics of bipolar neurons
Have a Short axon process arising from one side of cell body and dendrite process arise from the opposite side. They are Special senses neurons , and are found in sensory organs ie: ear, eyes, nose .
Everyone single one of us have bipolar neurons
Characteristics of unipolar neurons
Single large axon extension from its cell body. Found in invertebrates , NEVER IN HUMAN.
What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia ?
Pseudounipolar neurons .
What are the most common type of neurons found in the brain and spinal cord
Multipolar neurons . They Have 1 axon & MULTIPLE dendrites.
Motor neuron! List the structures: Anterior and Posterior
1) anterior horn : contains anterior motor neurons.
2) anterior motor neurons supply the axial ( trunk of body ) muscles
3 anterior root.
1) posterior horn RECEIVE sensory information
2) posterior root has the DRG “at its end “
DRG = dorsal root ganglia and are pseudounipolar type neurons .
Define Multiple Sclerosis
1) Immune- Mediated
2) Inflammatory
3) selective Demyelination
