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Spring '20/ L. A&P > Neuro PPT #1 > Flashcards

Neuro PPT #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of Nervous System

A

Nervous system divided into 2 branches
1) peripheral Nervous system 2) Central nervous system.
Peripheral nervous system divided into the sensory and motor division.

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions if the motor division of the PNS?

A

1) Autonomic Nervous System comprised of the enteric, parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems
2) the somatic nervous system responsible for the skeletal muscles.

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3
Q

The Brain stem is comprised of ?

A

Midbrain, pons , and medulla oblongata

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4
Q

List the sulcus, fissure last and gyri of the brain

A

Inf. Frontal sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus(rolando), postcentral sulcus, superior parietal lobule, interparietal sulcus , inferior parietal lobule , parietoocipotal sulcus , preoccipital notch , horizontal sulcus , medulla oblongata, lateral fissure(Sylvius), orbital gyri .

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5
Q

Premotor area

A

6

Part of the extrapyramidal circuit
Frontal lobe
North

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6
Q

Frontal eye movement and pupillary change area

A

8

Frontal lobe
Midway

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7
Q

Motor Speech

A 
Broca’s area 44,45 
Frontal lobe (south )
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8
Q

Principal motor area

A

4

Frontal lobe
Really North Pole is frontal lobe

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9
Q

Principal sensory area

A

Principle sensory area (3,1,2)

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10
Q

Principle visual cortex

A 
#17
Occipital love
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11
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

41,42

Temporal lobe

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12
Q

Associative auditory cortex

A

22
Also named wernick’s area
Temporal lobe

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13
Q

Area8

A

Frontal eye field

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14
Q

Areas 3-1-2

A

Postcentral principal sensory areas.

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15
Q

Area 4

A

Principal motor area

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16
Q

Area 6

A

Premotor area

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17
Q

Area 5,7

A

Sensory association areas

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18
Q

Area 18, 19

A

Visual association area

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19
Q

Area 17

A

Principal visual cortex ( striate)

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20
Q

Area 18-19

A

Visual association areas

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21
Q

Tell me about the nerves arising from the spinal cord .

A

There are 31 pairs of MIXED nerves arising from it . They supply all body parts except the head. They are named according to their point of issue.
Cervical: C1-C8, Thoracic T1-T12, Lumbar L1-L5, Sacral S1-S5, Coccygeal C0.

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22
Q

At what level are the cervical and brachial plexus?

A

At the Cervical level, cervical plexus first then the brachial plexus .

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23
Q

Name the all the plexus along the Ali al cord

A

Cervical , brachial , lumbar and sacral plexus

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24
Q

What are plexuses?

A

They are interlacing nerve network.

The are formed by all ventral rami except——-

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25
Q

A plexus results in a …

A

Branch . Each branch contains fibers from SEVERAL spinal nerves.

26
Q

Why can’t damage to one spinal segment completely paralyze a muscle.

A

Because the Fibers that make up the nerve plexus branches travel to the PERIPHERY via several different routes.
And because Each muscle receives a nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve.

27
Q

Plexus Branches Fibers

A

A plexus : interlacing network of ventral rami results in branches.
Branches : contain fibers from several spinal nerves .
Fibers: travel to periphery via several DIFFERENT routes
Plexus~Branches ~Fibers

28
Q

Brachial plexus location

A

From C5 to T1 , and maybe even sometimes C4-T2

29
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate ? And how ?

A

It gives rise to the nerves that then innervate the upper limb.

30
Q

How many many major branches of the Brachial plexus ?

A

4 major.
The roots , the Trunks, the divisions and the cords.
In addition : the branches .

31
Q

How many roots of the brachial plexus and what is their location ?

A

The are 5 ventral(anterior) rami : C5,C6,C7,C8,T1 ( C5-T1)

32
Q

How many trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

3 trunks : Superior (upper) Middle and Inferior(lower)

33
Q

How many divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

There are 3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions

34
Q

The anterior divisions

A

Are the superior, lateral and inferior. The server the front of the limb.
In other words : anterior lateral , anterior medial and anterior posterior division serving the front of the limb

35
Q

The posterior division are

A

The lateral, the medial and posterior which serve the back of the limb
In other words: the posterior lateral , the posterior medial , and the posterior posterior division serving the back of the limb

36
Q

What are the branches of the Branches or the Brachial plexus ? Meaning the minor The minor branches or the Beer in the Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer acronym?

A

1) The superficial branch( radial nerve) ,
2) the branches of the ulnar nerve : which are the Digital,the Dorsal,and the Superficial branch of the Ulnar nerve .
3) the Median nerve branches : Muscular and digital branches of the Median nerve .

37
Q

What are the branches of the median nerve ?

A

The Muscular and the Digital branch.

38
Q

What are the branches of the Ulnar nerve ?

A

The Superficial, the Dorsal and the Digital.

39
Q

What are the branches of the radial nerve ?

A

Only one branch : the Superficial branch is the radial nerve .

40
Q

Second most common post-op peripheral neuropathy

A

Brachial plexus

41
Q

How many nerves in the Brachial Plexus and name them .

A

The are 5 terminal brachial plexus nerves and 1 intercostobrachial nerve

  1. Axillary 2. Radial
  2. musculocutaneous, 4. Ulnar, 5 radial.
42
Q

Nerve innervation ! When I say axillary , you say …

A

Deltoid and Teres minor .

43
Q

Nerve innervation! Musculocutaneous nerve sends …

A

Fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachii and the brachialis . Flex your elbow !!

44
Q

Flexion of the elbow is thanks to what nerve innervation?

A

The musculocutaneous nerve which sends fibers to the coracobrachialis bicep brachi and the brachialis.

45
Q

Nerve innervation! The Median Nerve …

A

Branches to most of the flexor muscles of the fire and and the opponens pollicis .
Allow 4 movement types :
Flexion if the wrist
Opposition is the thumb
Probation of the firearm
Flexion if the last wrap 3 fingers.
*The median nerve has 2 branches muscular and digital!

46
Q

Nerve innervation! The Ulnar nerve :

A 
Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum profundus. 
3 movement types : 
Addiction of the fingers 
Flexion of the medial two fingers 
Flexion of the wrist
47
Q

Nerve Innervation! The radial nerve.

A 
All extensors of arm and forearm . 
3 movement types :
Supination of the forearm 
Extension of wrist and fingers 
Extension at elbow .
48
Q

Intercostobrachial nerve innervation 💣

A

Blocked to reduce pain from tourniquet during IV regional neural anesthesia.

49
Q

He structures of a neuron

A

The cell body or soma , the nucleus, the dendrites, the axon hillock followed by the initial second of the axon( not covered with myelin sheath ) the axon, the node of Ranvier , schwan cell .
* the impulse travels from cell body to axon to terminal buttons .

50
Q

Role of Schwann cell

A

Wraps around the axon and provides insulation. Demyelination leads to slow or blocks conduction . For example : multiple sclerosis

51
Q

What are Node of Ranviers

A

Gaps between myelin sheath.
Action potential only Halle a at nodes of ranvier because they are rich of Na+/K+ channels. Depolarization happens from Node to Node jumping ( saltatory conduction )
They interrupt the myelin sheath every 1-3 mm

52
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesized and transported to?

A

Synthesis: in cell body

Transported to the synaptic knobs.

53
Q

Node to node jumping of depolarization…

A

Saltatory conduction

54
Q

Types of neurons

A

Bipolar, unipolar , pseudounipolar, multipolar .

Other subtypes : sensory, motor and interneuron.

55
Q

Characteristics of bipolar neurons

A

Have a Short axon process arising from one side of cell body and dendrite process arise from the opposite side. They are Special senses neurons , and are found in sensory organs ie: ear, eyes, nose .
Everyone single one of us have bipolar neurons

56
Q

Characteristics of unipolar neurons

A

Single large axon extension from its cell body. Found in invertebrates , NEVER IN HUMAN.

57
Q

What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia ?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons .

58
Q

What are the most common type of neurons found in the brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar neurons . They Have 1 axon & MULTIPLE dendrites.

59
Q

Motor neuron! List the structures: Anterior and Posterior

A

1) anterior horn : contains anterior motor neurons.
2) anterior motor neurons supply the axial ( trunk of body ) muscles
3 anterior root.

1) posterior horn RECEIVE sensory information
2) posterior root has the DRG “at its end “
DRG = dorsal root ganglia and are pseudounipolar type neurons .

60
Q

Define Multiple Sclerosis

A

1) Immune- Mediated
2) Inflammatory
3) selective Demyelination

Spring '20/ L. A&P (21 decks)

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