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Spring '20/ L. A&P > A&P CV 2 - Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

A&P CV 2 - Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle

1
Q

The cardiac cycle is:

A

the cardiac events from one beat to the next beat.

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2
Q

How many phases are in the cardiac cycle?

A

7 phases

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3
Q

In Atrial Systole is preceded by what? What does this represent?

A

P-wave; which represents electric activation of the atria.

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4
Q

In Atrial Systole is represented what letter on the venous pulse curve?

A

a

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5
Q

The increase in atrial pressure (venous pressure) is caused by

A

atrial systole (seen as the a on the venous pulse curve)

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6
Q

What is the cause of the 4th heart sound?

A

Filling of the ventricle by atrial systole

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7
Q

Is the 4th heart sound normal in adults?

A

No

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8
Q

Atrial Kick is associated with what?

A

Hypertrophic ventricle

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9
Q

S4 =

A

Atrial Kick

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10
Q

Name the 7 phases of the cardia cycle (in order)

A
  1. Atrial Stysole
  2. Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
  3. rapid ventricular ejection
  4. reduced ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  6. Rapid ventricular filling
  7. Reduced ventricular filling (diastasis)
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11
Q

Phase 2 is

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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12
Q

Phase 2 Isovolumetric ventricular contraction begins after what? this represents what?

A

the QRS complex, which represents electrical activation of ventricles

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13
Q

In Phase 2, what happens with the pressures? This results in?

A

ventricular pressure becomes greater than atrial pressure, the AV valve closes.

Ventricular pressure increases ISOvolumetrically as a result of ventricular contraction.

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14
Q

When does the AV Valve close?

A

phase 2.

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15
Q

the first heart sound corresponds to?

A

The closure of the AV Valve

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16
Q

Does blood leave the ventricle in phase 2?

A

No - the aortic valve is closed.

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17
Q

Phase 3 is what?

A

Rapid Ventricular ejection

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18
Q

In phase 3, rapid ventricular ejection, the ventricular pressure reaches its what?

A

Max value

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19
Q

What happens in phase 3 with the pressures? What does this cause?

A

the ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure.

  • the aortic valve opens.
  • rapid ejection of blood into the aorta occurs.
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20
Q

In phase 3, what happens to the Volumes of the ventricle?

A

ventricular volume decreases

-b/c most of the SV is ejected in phase 3

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21
Q

What happens to the atria in phase 3

A

they begin to fill

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22
Q

Repolarization of the ventricles occurs in what phase? it is represented by what on EKG?

A

Phase 3

  • T Wave
  • marks the end of both ventricular contraction and rapid ventricular ejection
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23
Q

Which phase do we use to calculate SV?

A

Phase 3 - rapid ventricular ejection

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24
Q

Ventricular volumes decrease in phase

A

3

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25
Q

Atrial filling begins in phase

A

3

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26
Q

Repolarization of the ventricles occurs in phase

A

3

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27
Q

Phase 4 of cardiac cycle is:

A

Reduced ventricular ejection

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28
Q

What happens in phase 4?

A
  • slower ejection of blood from ventricle continues
  • ventricular pressure beings to decrease
  • aortic pressure also decreases
  • atrial filling continues
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29
Q

In phase 4, why does the aortic pressure decrease?

A

b/c of runoff of blood from large arteries into smaller arteries

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30
Q

In phase 4, ventricular pressures do what?

A

begin to decrease

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31
Q

aortic pressure decreases in what phase?

A

phase 4

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32
Q

Phase 5 of cardiac cycle is:

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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33
Q

Repolarization of ventricles is complete in what phase?

A

5

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34
Q

What happens to the aortic and pulm valves in phase 5

A

aortic valve closes
followed by closure of pulm valve
- closure of the semilunar valves cooresponds to second heart sound

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35
Q

Second heart sound corresponds to what?

A

closure of the semilunar valves

36
Q

What phase is the second heart sound audible in?

A

phase 5

37
Q

What is the AV valve doing in phase 5?

A

it remains closed during most of this phase

38
Q

In phase 5, what is happening to the ventricular pressure? why?

A

Ventricular pressure decreases rapidly bc ventricals are now relaxed

-when V.Pressure is LESS than A.Pressure the mitral valve opens

39
Q

What phase are the ventricles relaxed?

A

phase 5

40
Q

In phase 5, what is happening to the ventricular volume? why?

A

ventricular vol. is constant (ISOVOLUMETRIC) b/c ALL Valves are closed.

41
Q

with all valves being closed in phase 5, what does this do the the volume in the ventricles?

A

it is constant, isovolumetric

42
Q

In phase 5, when V.Pressure is < A.Pressure what happens?

A

the mitral valve opens

43
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

the “blip” in the aortic pressure tracing occuring after closure of the aortic valve

44
Q

After the closure of the aortic valve, what is noted on the aortic pressure tracing?

A

the dicrotic notch

45
Q

Is the dicrotic notch a normal finding?

A

Yes.

If not there, cardiac abnormality expected

46
Q

End of the T wave is representative of what phase?

A

phase 5. repolarization of ventricles now complete

47
Q

Phase 6 of cardiac cycle is:

A

Rapid ventricular filling

48
Q

Rapid ventricular filling of phase 6 occurs when:

A

The mitral valve is open

-ventricular filling from the atrium begins

49
Q

In phase 6 the aortic pressure:

A

continues to decrease

-because blood continues to run off into the smaller arteries

50
Q

Rapid flow of blood from the atria into the ventricle causes what?

A

the third heart sound (S3)

51
Q

S3 is normal or abnormal?

A

normal in children

associated with HF in adults

52
Q

What sound is associated with HF in adults?

A

S3

53
Q

S3 can be heard in children during what phase of they cardiac cycle?

A

Phase 6

54
Q

Ventricular filling begins in…

A

phase 6

after the MV opens

55
Q

The mitral valve opens in phase

A

6

56
Q

Phase 7 in cardiac cycle is known as

A

Reduced Ventricular filling (Diastasis)

57
Q

What is the largest phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

phase 7 - diastasis

58
Q

Diastasis is phase

A

7

59
Q

The ventricles are doing what in Diastasis?

A

ventricular filling continues, at a slower rate

60
Q

the time required for Diastatsis (ventricular filling) depends on:

A

HR

61
Q

If HR decreases, the ventricular filling time increases or decreases?

A

increases

62
Q

If HR increases, the ventricular filling time increases or decreases?

A

decreases

63
Q

Stroke Volume is the:

A

volume ejected from the ventricle on each beat

64
Q

The volume ejected from the ventricle on each beat is the

A

Stroke Volume

65
Q

Stroke volume equation is expressed as:

A

SV = end-diastolic volume - end systolic volume.

66
Q

Normal SV is

A

75ml

67
Q

Factors that INCREASE SV

A

anxiety, exercise, pregnancy

68
Q

Myocardial O2 Demand is INCREASED by:

A 
INCREASED
-Afterload
contractility
HR
Heart size (increased wall tension)
69
Q

SV x HR =

A

CO

70
Q

MAP = (equation w/o pulse p)

A

CO x Total Peripheral Resistance

71
Q

Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

A

MAP

72
Q

Pulse Pressure =

A

SBP - DBP

73
Q

SBP - DBP =

A

Pulse Pressure

74
Q

Fick’s Principle is based off of

A

CO

75
Q

Contractility, afterload and preload affect

A

Stroke Volume

76
Q

Stroke Volume is affected by what components:

A

Contractility, afterload and preload

77
Q

Contractility (and SV) increase with:

A
  1. Catecholamines
  2. increased intracellular CA++
  3. decreased extracellular Na+
  4. digitalis
78
Q

Contractility (and SV) decreases with:

A
  1. ) beta-1 blockade
  2. HF
  3. Acidosis
  4. Hypoxia /hypercapnea
79
Q

How do Catecholamines impact contractility? what do they do?

A

increase contractility

- increase activity of Ca ++ pump in SR

80
Q

Digitalis impacts contractility- how?

A

increased contractility

-increases intracellular Na+ resulting in increased Ca++

81
Q

Ejection Fraction is the (define)

A

the fraction of the end diastolic volume ejected in each stroke volume

82
Q

Normal EF =

A

60%

83
Q

an index of ventricular contractility is

A

Ejection fraction

84
Q

“systolic function”

A

Ejection fraction

85
Q

SV / End - diastolic volume = ?

A

Ejection fraction

86
Q

Ejection fraction = (equation)

A

SV / End - diastolic volume

87
Q

An EF = 40-50% means what?

A

blood is staying in the ventricle at the end of contraction

Spring '20/ L. A&P (21 decks)

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