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the cell Flashcards

1
Q

why are microscopes needed to view most cells?

A

-cells are incredibly small
-they need a high surface area to volume ratio and their size provides this

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2
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a frog egg?

A

-light microscope

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3
Q

what type of micrscope is needed to view an animal cell?

A

-electron microscope

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4
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view an amino acid?

A

-electron microscope

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5
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a chloroplast?

A

-electron microscope

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6
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a plant cell?

A

-electron microscope

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7
Q

what do the types of microscopes needed for each different molecule/cell tell you?

A

-anything smaller than a plant or animal cell needs an electron microscope because it is smaller than the cell itself
-anything bigger than a plant or animal cell can have a light microscope because it is bigger
-electron microscopes allow you to see smaller things because they shoot electrons instead of light beams and are stronger

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8
Q

what are the basic characterisitics of all cells?

A

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-genetic info
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-can have cell wall
-vesicles
-nucleolus

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9
Q

why is a large surface area to volume ratio needed for proper functioning cells?

A

-they need to be able to exchange molecules with the external environment
-effienct for getting nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell

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10
Q

why is a plasma membrane described as a fluid moasic?

A

-protein molecules embedded in the membrane have a pattern (moasic)
-they are within the fluid phospholipid bilayer
-the pattern varies from cell type and in different cells over time

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11
Q

what are the basic components of the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

-polar (hydrophilic) heads
-nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
-cholesterol molecules
-embedded proteins
-short chains of sugars
-cytoskeleton fibers

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12
Q

what are the six types of membrane proteins?

A

-channel
-transport
-cell recognition
-receptor
-enzymatic
-junction

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13
Q

channel proteins function

A

-specifically shaped tunnel for transport of molecules through plasma membrane

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14
Q

receptor proteins function

A

-shape that allows signal molecule to bond to molecule
-causes cellular response

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15
Q

transport proteins function

A

-combine witha substance to help it move across plasma membrane

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16
Q

cell recognition proteins function

A

-glycoprotiens
-allow body to distingush between our own cells and other organisms

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17
Q

enzymatic protiens function

A

-participate in metabolic reactions

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18
Q

junction protiens function

A

-cell to cell adhesion and communication

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19
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

-pro: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, smaller, simple, only unicellular
-eu: nucleus, membrane bound organelles, larger, more complex, uni or multicellular

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20
Q

role of nucleiod in prokaryote

A

-hwere the singular circular shaped chromosome resides

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21
Q

role of cell wall in prokaryote

A

-provides structure
-maintains shape of cell

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22
Q

role of ribosomes in prokaryote

A

-synthesize specified protiens
-(protiesn are specified by bacterial DNA)

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23
Q

role of flagella in prokaryote

A

-allow bacteria to propel themselves

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24
Q

what are teh components of the endomembrane system?

A

-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-nuclear envelope?
-vesicles?

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25
endoplasmic reticulum function
-synthesizes polypeptides and lipids
26
golgi appartus function
-transport station -modifies, sorts, and sends molecules
27
nuclear envelope function
-double membrane of phospholipids -separates nucleus from cytoplasm
28
lysosomes fucntion
-contain enzymes to break things down
29
vesicles function
-wrap around and transport molecules
30
cytoskeleton protiens function in eukaryotic cell
-provide structure
31
motor proteins fucntion in eukaryotic cell
-allow cellular movement
32
why do some eukaryotic cells have cell walls?
-they need structure that they don;t naturally have -ex. plant cells have one because plants do not have a skeleton
33
what are the organelles found in animal cells?
-plasma membrane -nucleus -ribosomes -vesicles -rough er -smooth er -golgi appartaus -lysosome -chloroplast -mitochondrion -cytoskeleton -flagella and cillia
34
rough er function
-synthesize polypeptides
35
smooth er function
-synthesize lipids
36
mitochondrion function
-break down carbohydrates and convert them to ATP (energy)
37
chloroplast function
-conver water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using solar energy
38
nucleus function
-store genetic information
39
what are the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?
-plant cells have more prominent chloroplasts, central vacuole, a cell wall, and plasmodesmata
40
what are plasmodesmata?
-membrane lined channels connecting plant cells -filled with cytoplasm
41
what is teh extracellular matrix of an animal cell made of?
-fibrous proteins (ex. collagen and elastin) -polysaccharides
42
structure and function of adhesion junctions
-internal cytoplasmic plaques firmly attaches to the cytoskeleton -joined by intercellular filaments -sturdy but flexible -in some organs like the heart
43
structure and function of gap juncitons
-identical plasma membrane channels join -lined by 6 plasma membrane protiens -allow junction to open and close -important in smooth muscle because they allow ions to flow (needed to contract muscles)
44
structure and function of tight junctions
-plasma membrane proteins attached to each other -make a zipper-like connection -between cells of things taht need to be tightly held together (ex. kidney tubules)
45
potential energy
-stored energy
46
kinetic energy
-energy of motion
47
example of potential energy being changed into kinetic energy
-as our food is digested it is stored as potential energy -as we move/live our lives the energy is used as kinetic
48
why can ATP not be used as an energy storage molecule?
-it is unstable -the 3 phosphate groups are negatiely charged so they repel each other -when ATP loses one phosphate it becomes more stable (ADP)
49
how might knowledge of the structure of an active site of an enzyme allow you to build a drug to regulate a metabolic pathway?
-you would know what shape the drug molecule would need to be -needs to be a specific shape in order to bond to the acive site in place of the substrate -mimics feedback inhibition because it would stop the reaction by bonding instaed of substrate
50
what are the phases of the ATP cycle?
-ATP is used as an energy source and the third phosphate group is removed through hydrolysis -it beocmes ADP + P -ATP is reformed by mitochondria throug cellular respiration
51
how are cellullar respiration and photosynthesis connected?
-photosynthesis is solar energy being used to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates -cellular respiration is mictocchondria breaking down carbohydrates to use the energy to make ATP' -molecules are cycled through
52
what is the benefit of metabolic pathways in the cell?
-without them crucial reactions could not happen -ex. you cannot go straight from the reactants "A" to the products "F", you have to go from A--> B--> C--> D--> E--> F
53
what is the induced fit model of enzymes?
-mechanism where an enzyme's active site undergoes a slight change in shape -happens in order to better accomadate the substrate taht it is attached to it
54
what is teh benefit of using feedback inhibition to control metabolic pathways?
-you will never have too much of an excess of product -competes with substrtae for enzyme's active site in order to stop as much production -product will always remain within a certain range
55
how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?-
-enzymes bring together particular molecules and cause them to react a certain way with each other -without them our bodies would have to rely on molecules randomly running into each other -all of our processes would not get done
56
what are the similaries between diffuciton, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis?
-all types of diffusion -going with concentration gradient (high --> low) -all passive transport
57
diffusion
-molecules passing through plasma membrane (with no help)
58
osmosis
-water molecules going through specific protiens for water to pass through plasma membrane (goes with concentration gradient)
59
faciliated diffusion
-molecules passing through plasma membrane with the help of proteins (either too big or charged to pass through on their own) -passive transport
60
what is a hypertonic solution and how does a cell react when going through osmosis when it is hypertonic
-more water in the cell than out of the cell -water goes out of cell -cell shrinks
61
what is a hypotonic solution and how does a cell react when going through osmosi when its hypotonic
-more water out of cell than in cell -water rushes into cell -cell swells
62
what is an isotonic solution and how does a cell react wehn going through osmois when its isotonic
-equal water in and out of cell -water moves in and out of cell -net movement of water is zero because it levels out
63
why would a cell use active transpot?
-beccause it needs moelcules that it already has a lot of -moelcules need to move against concentration gradient (low--> high)
64
what are teh differnet types of bulk transport/ describe
-exocytosis: big molecules or mass amounts of molecules transported out of the cell -endocytosis: big molecules or mass amounts of molecules transported into the cell

biology (9 decks)

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