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the cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are microscopes needed to view most cells?

A

-cells are incredibly small
-they need a high surface area to volume ratio and their size provides this

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2
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a frog egg?

A

-light microscope

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3
Q

what type of micrscope is needed to view an animal cell?

A

-electron microscope

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4
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view an amino acid?

A

-electron microscope

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5
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a chloroplast?

A

-electron microscope

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6
Q

what type of microscope is needed to view a plant cell?

A

-electron microscope

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7
Q

what do the types of microscopes needed for each different molecule/cell tell you?

A

-anything smaller than a plant or animal cell needs an electron microscope because it is smaller than the cell itself
-anything bigger than a plant or animal cell can have a light microscope because it is bigger
-electron microscopes allow you to see smaller things because they shoot electrons instead of light beams and are stronger

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8
Q

what are the basic characterisitics of all cells?

A

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-genetic info
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-can have cell wall
-vesicles
-nucleolus

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9
Q

why is a large surface area to volume ratio needed for proper functioning cells?

A

-they need to be able to exchange molecules with the external environment
-effienct for getting nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell

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10
Q

why is a plasma membrane described as a fluid moasic?

A

-protein molecules embedded in the membrane have a pattern (moasic)
-they are within the fluid phospholipid bilayer
-the pattern varies from cell type and in different cells over time

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11
Q

what are the basic components of the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

-polar (hydrophilic) heads
-nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
-cholesterol molecules
-embedded proteins
-short chains of sugars
-cytoskeleton fibers

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12
Q

what are the six types of membrane proteins?

A

-channel
-transport
-cell recognition
-receptor
-enzymatic
-junction

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13
Q

channel proteins function

A

-specifically shaped tunnel for transport of molecules through plasma membrane

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14
Q

receptor proteins function

A

-shape that allows signal molecule to bond to molecule
-causes cellular response

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15
Q

transport proteins function

A

-combine witha substance to help it move across plasma membrane

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16
Q

cell recognition proteins function

A

-glycoprotiens
-allow body to distingush between our own cells and other organisms

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17
Q

enzymatic protiens function

A

-participate in metabolic reactions

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18
Q

junction protiens function

A

-cell to cell adhesion and communication

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19
Q

what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

-pro: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, smaller, simple, only unicellular
-eu: nucleus, membrane bound organelles, larger, more complex, uni or multicellular

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20
Q

role of nucleiod in prokaryote

A

-hwere the singular circular shaped chromosome resides

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21
Q

role of cell wall in prokaryote

A

-provides structure
-maintains shape of cell

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22
Q

role of ribosomes in prokaryote

A

-synthesize specified protiens
-(protiesn are specified by bacterial DNA)

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23
Q

role of flagella in prokaryote

A

-allow bacteria to propel themselves

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24
Q

what are teh components of the endomembrane system?

A

-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-nuclear envelope?
-vesicles?

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25
Q

endoplasmic reticulum function

A

-synthesizes polypeptides and lipids

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26
Q

golgi appartus function

A

-transport station
-modifies, sorts, and sends molecules

27
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

-double membrane of phospholipids
-separates nucleus from cytoplasm

28
Q

lysosomes fucntion

A

-contain enzymes to break things down

29
Q

vesicles function

A

-wrap around and transport molecules

30
Q

cytoskeleton protiens function in eukaryotic cell

A

-provide structure

31
Q

motor proteins fucntion in eukaryotic cell

A

-allow cellular movement

32
Q

why do some eukaryotic cells have cell walls?

A

-they need structure that they don;t naturally have
-ex. plant cells have one because plants do not have a skeleton

33
Q

what are the organelles found in animal cells?

A

-plasma membrane
-nucleus
-ribosomes
-vesicles
-rough er
-smooth er
-golgi appartaus
-lysosome
-chloroplast
-mitochondrion
-cytoskeleton
-flagella and cillia

34
Q

rough er function

A

-synthesize polypeptides

35
Q

smooth er function

A

-synthesize lipids

36
Q

mitochondrion function

A

-break down carbohydrates and convert them to ATP (energy)

37
Q

chloroplast function

A

-conver water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates using solar energy

38
Q

nucleus function

A

-store genetic information

39
Q

what are the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?

A

-plant cells have more prominent chloroplasts, central vacuole, a cell wall, and plasmodesmata

40
Q

what are plasmodesmata?

A

-membrane lined channels connecting plant cells
-filled with cytoplasm

41
Q

what is teh extracellular matrix of an animal cell made of?

A

-fibrous proteins (ex. collagen and elastin)
-polysaccharides

42
Q

structure and function of adhesion junctions

A

-internal cytoplasmic plaques firmly attaches to the cytoskeleton
-joined by intercellular filaments
-sturdy but flexible
-in some organs like the heart

43
Q

structure and function of gap juncitons

A

-identical plasma membrane channels join
-lined by 6 plasma membrane protiens
-allow junction to open and close
-important in smooth muscle because they allow ions to flow (needed to contract muscles)

44
Q

structure and function of tight junctions

A

-plasma membrane proteins attached to each other
-make a zipper-like connection
-between cells of things taht need to be tightly held together (ex. kidney tubules)

45
Q

potential energy

A

-stored energy

46
Q

kinetic energy

A

-energy of motion

47
Q

example of potential energy being changed into kinetic energy

A

-as our food is digested it is stored as potential energy
-as we move/live our lives the energy is used as kinetic

48
Q

why can ATP not be used as an energy storage molecule?

A

-it is unstable
-the 3 phosphate groups are negatiely charged so they repel each other
-when ATP loses one phosphate it becomes more stable (ADP)

49
Q

how might knowledge of the structure of an active site of an enzyme allow you to build a drug to regulate a metabolic pathway?

A

-you would know what shape the drug molecule would need to be
-needs to be a specific shape in order to bond to the acive site in place of the substrate
-mimics feedback inhibition because it would stop the reaction by bonding instaed of substrate

50
Q

what are the phases of the ATP cycle?

A

-ATP is used as an energy source and the third phosphate group is removed through hydrolysis
-it beocmes ADP + P
-ATP is reformed by mitochondria throug cellular respiration

51
Q

how are cellullar respiration and photosynthesis connected?

A

-photosynthesis is solar energy being used to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
-cellular respiration is mictocchondria breaking down carbohydrates to use the energy to make ATP’
-molecules are cycled through

52
Q

what is the benefit of metabolic pathways in the cell?

A

-without them crucial reactions could not happen
-ex. you cannot go straight from the reactants “A” to the products “F”, you have to go from A–> B–> C–> D–> E–> F

53
Q

what is the induced fit model of enzymes?

A

-mechanism where an enzyme’s active site undergoes a slight change in shape
-happens in order to better accomadate the substrate taht it is attached to it

54
Q

what is teh benefit of using feedback inhibition to control metabolic pathways?

A

-you will never have too much of an excess of product
-competes with substrtae for enzyme’s active site in order to stop as much production
-product will always remain within a certain range

55
Q

how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?-

A

-enzymes bring together particular molecules and cause them to react a certain way with each other
-without them our bodies would have to rely on molecules randomly running into each other
-all of our processes would not get done

56
Q

what are the similaries between diffuciton, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis?

A

-all types of diffusion
-going with concentration gradient (high –> low)
-all passive transport

57
Q

diffusion

A

-molecules passing through plasma membrane (with no help)

58
Q

osmosis

A

-water molecules going through specific protiens for water to pass through plasma membrane (goes with concentration gradient)

59
Q

faciliated diffusion

A

-molecules passing through plasma membrane with the help of proteins (either too big or charged to pass through on their own)
-passive transport

60
Q

what is a hypertonic solution and how does a cell react when going through osmosis when it is hypertonic

A

-more water in the cell than out of the cell
-water goes out of cell
-cell shrinks

61
Q

what is a hypotonic solution and how does a cell react when going through osmosi when its hypotonic

A

-more water out of cell than in cell
-water rushes into cell
-cell swells

62
Q

what is an isotonic solution and how does a cell react wehn going through osmois when its isotonic

A

-equal water in and out of cell
-water moves in and out of cell
-net movement of water is zero because it levels out

63
Q

why would a cell use active transpot?

A

-beccause it needs moelcules that it already has a lot of
-moelcules need to move against concentration gradient (low–> high)

64
Q

what are teh differnet types of bulk transport/ describe

A

-exocytosis: big molecules or mass amounts of molecules transported out of the cell
-endocytosis: big molecules or mass amounts of molecules transported into the cell

biology (5 decks)

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