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biology > cellular energy test (photosynthesis and cellular respiration) > Flashcards

cellular energy test (photosynthesis and cellular respiration) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis

A

-transforms solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate

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2
Q

chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O –> C6H12O6 + O2

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3
Q

cellular respiration

A

-produce ATP molecules for energy

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4
Q

chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O

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5
Q

what are the parts of photosynthesis?

A

-light reactions
-calvin cycle

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6
Q

light reactions

A

-focused on harvesting energy
-chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes absorbs solar energy and energeizes electrons
-water is oxidized releasing electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen
-ATP is produced form ADP + P with the electron transport chain
-NADP+ accepts electrons and becomes NADPH

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7
Q

light reactions “equation”

A

H2O + H+ + O2 + ATP + NADPH —> electron carrier

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8
Q

calvin cycle

A

-focused on making sugars
-CO2 is taken up by one of the moelcuels in the cycle
ATP and NADPH from the light rxns reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate (G3P)

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9
Q

calvin cycle “equation”

A

CO2 + NADPH + ATP —> C6H12O6

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10
Q

what are the two parts of the light reactions?

A

-photosystem II
-photosystem I

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11
Q

which photosystem comes first?

A

-photosystem II

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12
Q

which photo system was discovered first?

A

-photosystem II

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13
Q

photosystem II

A

-focused on splitting water
-electrons become energized from solar energy absorbed
-move to electron acceptor
-replacement electrons are removed from water
-H+ ions and O2 are relased from water whne it is broken through photolysis
-electorn acceptor sends electrons to the electron transport chain

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14
Q

photosystem I

A

-focused on producing NADPH
-pigment absorbs solar energy
-energizes electrons
0electrons leave reaction center and go to different electron acceptor than psII
-low energy electrons from electron transport chain replace them
-electorn accepor passes electrons to NADP+
-H+ ion is reduced
-all come together to create NADPH

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15
Q

what are the three types of photosynthesis?

A

-c3, c4 and CAM

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16
Q

c3 photosynthesis

A

-normal photosynthesis
-most plants are C3 plants
-where temp and rainfall tend to be moderate (no needed adaptation for metabolism)

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17
Q

cam photosynthesis

A

-evolved adaptation for warm, arid, desert like conditions
-open up stomata in the night when it is cooler
-keep stomata closed in the day to prevent water loss
-release stored CO2 when NADPH and ATP are availabel from light rxn

18
Q

c4 photosynthesis

A

-evolved adaptation to be successful in hot, dry condidtions
-close up stomata to limit water loss
-also limits CO2 intake and allows O2 buildup
-chloroplasts in mesophyll fix to CO2 only
-shield bundle sheath cells from O2 buildup
-chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells only carry out calvin cycle

19
Q

what are the four parts of cellular respiration?

A

-glycolysis
-prepatory rxns
-citric acid cycle
-electron transport chain

20
Q

glycolisis

A

breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate
-6 carrbon molecule into 2 3-carbon molecules
-energy is invested to activate glucose
-2 ATP are gained
-oxidation results in NADH used later

21
Q

preparatory rxns

A

-prepare outputs of glycolysis (pyruvate) for use in citric acid cycle
-happens in matrix and mitochondria
-[yruvate is oxidized
-CO2 molecule is given off
NAD+ accept electrons and H+ ions and forms NADH
-product (2 carbon acetyl group) is attaached to coenzyme A (coA) forming acetyl-coA
-happens 2 times per glucose molecule (bc 2 pyruvates are made form each glucose)

22
Q

citric acid cycle

A

-acetyl group is oxidized forming CO2 in the process
-NAD+ and FAD accept elecrons and H+ ions resuling in NADH and FADH2
-substrate level ATP synthesis occurs

23
Q

electron transport chain

A

-located in the cristae of the mitochondria
-a series of carriers that pass electrons from one to another

24
Q

fermentation

A

-anaerboic pathways
-happens if oxygen is limited or absent after glycolysis
-focused on regenerating NAD+
-two types are lactic acid and alcohol

25
Q

how do we kickstart glycolisis

A

-investing energy
-2 ATP transfer phosphate groups to substrates
-2 ADP + P result
-phosphate transfer activates substrates to undergo energy harvesting reactions

26
Q

what happens when o2 isnt present after glycolysis?

A

-pyruvate molecules/ products of glycolysis accumulate
-NAD+ and FAD cannot be recycled
-cells enter anaerobic pathways like fermentation

27
Q

atp synthase

A

-electron transport chain passes eletrons
-uses energy from it to pump H+ ions from matrix to intermembrrane space
-creates a H+ concentration gradient
-uses energy to make ATP

28
Q

how much atp is produced in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

29
Q

how much atp is produced in the prep rxns

A

no ATP

30
Q

how much atp is produced in citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP

31
Q

how much atp is produced in electron transport chain

A

34 ATP

32
Q

what is the net gain of atp from 1 glucose

A

36-38 ATP

33
Q

how efficent is cellular respiration

A

only 40% of energy is available for use and the rest is lost as heat

34
Q

what are the two electon acceptors used in cellular respiration

A

NAD+ and FAD

35
Q

what molceule is fermentation focused on regenerating?

A

NAD+

36
Q

draw out calvin cycle and citric acid cycle AT LEAST 2x and then pass this card

A
37
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

-pyruvate formed by glycolysis accepts 2 hydrogen atoms
-reduced to lactate
-in the water environment of the cell forms lactic acid

38
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

-pyruvate is reduced to prodce alcohol
-releases small amounts of CO2

39
Q

why is O2 needed after glycolysis

A

-keeps electron transport chain moving
-needed to fully break down glucose

40
Q

what is the final electron acceptor/ why?

A

-oxygen
-combines with hydrogen to make water

41
Q

what are the two ways ATP is synthesized?

A

-ATP synthase
-substrate level oxidation

42
Q

what is substrate level oxidation?

A

-when ATP is formed due to processes outside the electron transport chain
-ex. when it is made in citric acid cycle or glycolysis

biology (7 decks)

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