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cell reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mitosis

A

-cellular reproduction of 2 identical diploid daughter cells
-mitosis creates the 2 nuclei and cytokinesis splits the cell in two
-function = growth and repair in the body

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2
Q

meiosis

A

-production of gametes aka sex cells
-creates 4 unique haploid daughter cells through cellular divison
-function = to create cells for reproduction

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3
Q

why is cellular reproduction necessary for life?

A

-all cells come from other cells
-more cells need to be created or else organisms would stay exactly the same size and not be able to heal themselves
-also needed for reproduction to carry on the species

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4
Q

what is the difference between sister chromatids, chromosomes, and chromatin?

A

-sister chromatids make up chromosomes ( I )
-chormosomes are made up of 2 identical sister chromatids (X)
-chromatin is DNA appearing as thin strands/threads
-it is in this form during normal cellular processes (not mitosis) (~~~)

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5
Q

what happens during prophase (mitosis)?

A

-nucleolus dissapears
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-chromosomes are visible
-spindle fibers present

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6
Q

what happens during metaphase (mitosis)?

A

-chromosomes aligned at spindle equator (midway between spindle poles)

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7
Q

what happens during anaphase (mitosis)?

A

-sister chromatids separate and become daughter chormosomes
-puled ot opposite poles of the cell

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8
Q

what happens telophase (mitosis)?

A

-spindle fibers dissapear
-new nuclear envelopes formed around daughter chromosmes

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9
Q

when is DNA replicated?

A

-during S-phase of interphase

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10
Q

describe interphase

A

-majority of cell cycle
-made up of G1, S, and G2 phases
-if cell reaches G1 checkpoint and decides not to divide it goes into G0 (another part of interphase)

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11
Q

G1 interphase

A

-organelles double
-gathers materials for DNA snythesis
-makes final decision whether or not to divide

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12
Q

S phase of interphase

A

-DNA synthesis occurs
-each chromsome made of 2 sister chromatids

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13
Q

G2 interphase

A

-extends to onset of mitosis
-syntehiszes proteins for cell divison

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14
Q

why is cytokinesis different in plant and animals cells?

A

-plants have a cell wall around their membrane/cytoplasm so wall has to build itself between cells to divide them
-normally would not allow for cytokinesis
-animal cells do not have this wall so they can divide freely

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15
Q

what is the significance of chekpoints in the cell cycle?

A

-prevents cells from moving forward with mitosis if they are damaged
-check for growth signals and DNA correctness
-prevents them from passing on deformities to other cells (would lead to cancer)
-go through apoptosis if they are messed up

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16
Q

checkpoints in the cell (list and describe)

A

-G1: permits cell to divide (final decision to go through with mitosis)
-if not goes through G0 and does normal functions without dividing
-G2: verifying DNA is replicated
-if not it doesnt not go to M phase
-M: between anaphase and telophase of mitosis, makes sure chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before pulling them to opposite ends

17
Q

how are signals used for cell cycle control?

A

-signals control checkpoints which control if the cell halts the part of the cycle it is going through or keeps going
-if signals (like cyclins) are not present a cell will not continue on at the checkpoint

18
Q

describe the two types of signals in cells

A

-internal: ex. cyclins
-come from inside the cell
-cyclins = present during certain stages of cell cycle (act as cellular timekeepers)
-if the appropriate cyclin in the correct level is not present the cell will not continue past checkpoints
-external: ex. kinases
-come from outside the cell
-kinases = remove phosphate from ATP and add it to other molecules

19
Q

apoptosis vs. necrosis

A

-apoptosis is programmed cell death
-it is used to control the cell cycle and prevent deformities from spreading
-necrosis is unprogrammed cell death
-happens if something unexpected/bad happens and the cells die (like heart attack)
-causes inflammation and damage

20
Q

apoptosis

A

-cell condenses on itself
-loses contact with neiighbots
-nuceus fragments
-plasma membrane blisters
-cell fragments
-engulfed by white blood/neighboring cells

21
Q

how are chromosomes formed?

A

-chromatin is wound tighter and tighter around histones and nucleosomes so it can condense

22
Q

what happens during prophase I?

A

-nuclear envelop fragments
-crossing over occurs
-spindle fibers form
-sister chromatids make up chromosmes that line up with homologus pairs

23
Q

what happends during metaphase I?

A

-paired homologus chromosmes align at the spindle equator
-spindle fibers attack to chromosomes

24
Q

what happends during anaphase I?

A

-homologues spearate adn moe to poles
-chromosomes still duplicated-

25
Q

what happens during telophase I?

A

-cleavage furrow appears
-daughter nuclei are haploid and recieve 1 duplicated chomosome from each homologus pair

26
Q

what happends during prophase II?

A

-chromosmes condense
-nuclear envelope fragments

27
Q

what happends during metaphase II?

A

-chromosmes align at spindle equator

28
Q

what happens during anaphase II?

A

-sister chomatids separate
-become daugher choromosmes that move toward poles of the clel

29
Q

what happens during telophase II?

A

-4 haploid daughter cells are genetically different from each other and the parent cell

30
Q

what two things occur in meiosis for genetic variation of cells?

A

-independent assortment
-crossing over

31
Q

independent assortment

A

-random order of homolgus crhomosomes in metaphse I

32
Q

crossing over

A

-nonsiter chromatids of homolgust chromosmes exchange genetic material

33
Q

why is genetic variation importatn (why are crossing over and independent assortment nececary in meiosis?

A

-allows for genetic varation and keeps the gene pool diverse
-we need the gene pool to be as diverse as possible/have access to as many genes as possible because it prevents susceptibiliyt to disease

34
Q

what is the number of chromosmes found int he daughet cells producted by mitosis and meiossi?

A

-mitosis = 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
-meiosis = 23 chromosomes (n, n, n, n)

35
Q

what is the difference between a chromosomal abnormality int eh sex chromosomes and in the autosomal chromosomes?

A

-sex chromosome abnormality affects a person’s gender (mainly) (sometimes affects physical appearance but rarely mental function)
-ex. klinefelter syndrome (XXY), turner syndrome (X), jabcobs syndrome (XYY)
-also more likely to survive with this deformity than autosomal
-austosomal chromosome abnormality affects genetic traits
-bigger the chromosome= less chance you will survive
-ex. down syndrome (trisonomy 21) sickle cell anemia

36
Q

trisonomy vs. monosomy

A

-trisonomy is three copies of a chromsome
-ex. is down syndrome
-extra
-monomsomy is a singel copy of one chromosoem
-missing

37
Q

what are the two ways nondisjunction can happen?

A

-in M1: homologus chromosomes fail to separate
-2 empty, 2 with extra
-in M2: sister chromatids ffail to separate
-2 normal, 1 with extra, 1 empty

biology (5 decks)

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