evolution test

Question 1

who was curvier?

Answer 1

-founded paleontology (study of fossils)
-before darwin on evolution

Question 2

what did curvier think about evolution?

Answer 2

-believed in the fixity of species
-acknowledged that strata showed different forms over time
-believed in catastrophism

Question 3

what is catastrophism?

Answer 3

-explains appearance of new forms as replacing old forms due to local catastrophe

Question 4

what did lamarck think about evolution?

Answer 4

-evolution did occur and adaptation was the cause of diversity
-said more complex forms descended from less complex forms
-believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 5

what is inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Answer 5

-use/disuse of a structure can bring about inherited change
-ex. long neck in giraffes developed from stretching to reach food
-disproved: phenotypic changes acquired during lifetime do not result in genetic changes that can be passed on to offspring
-ex. if you are blinded in an accident you will not have blind children

Question 6

natural selection

Answer 6

-process that results in the evolution of organisms to be well adapted to their environment

Question 7

waht are the requirements for natural selection?

Answer 7

-members of a population have to have heritable variation
-have to have more offspring than can be supported
-individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those lacking the traits
-across generations, a larger proportion of the population possesses the favorable traits and become adapted to the environment

Question 8

what is artificial selection?

Answer 8

-like natural selection except humans select traits desirable to them instead of fit for the environment

Question 9

how does natural selection lead to adaptations?

Answer 9

-organisms with the favorable traits will live longer because thye are more fit
-because they live longer they are able to reproduce more
-this creates new ggenerations where more organisms have the favorable traits than do not
-this creates an adaptation that makess them mroe fit fo the environment which is increasingly represented in succeeding generations

Question 10

what are the seven evidences of evolutoin?

Answer 10

-fossil record
-embryology
-homologous strucutres
-analogous structures
-vestigal structures
-molecular biology
-biogeography

Question 11

where did darwin study to develop most of his theories?

Answer 11

-he went on an exploration voyage on the HMS beagle
-it went through the southern hemisphere to the galapagos islands and south america
-he gathered evidence for his theories here but did not publish them until much later and gathered more evidence in england while he watied

Question 12

who is wallace and how did he develope similar theories to darwin?

Answer 12

-he was an english naturalist who went on a similar voyage to darwin
-he concieved the idea of survival of the fittest
-he wrote an essay and sent it to darwin for comment
-they presented their ideas jointly to the linnean society

Question 13

how does the fossil record support the theory of evolutoin?

Answer 13

-distribution of organisms suggests that when forms are related they evolved in one locale and spread to other regions
-there were no rabbits in south america even though the environment was fit for them bc it was too far for species to reach

Question 14

vestigal structures

Answer 14

-anatomical features taht are fully developed in one group of organisms
-reduced/ nonfunctional in other similar groups

Question 15

how do vestigal structures support the theory of evolutoin?

Answer 15

-presence is explained by common descent hypothesis
-ex. whales having hip bones
-dfferent species evolve from one simple ancestor

Question 16

homologous structures

Answer 16

-anatomically similar structures on different species

Question 17

how do homologous structures support the theory of evolution?

Answer 17

-are explainable by inheritance form a common ancestor
-ex. all vertebrate forelimbs have the same set of bones arranged similarly but have differing functions

Question 18

analogous structures

Answer 18

-structures that serve the same purpose but do not look the same/ constructed the same way

Question 19

hwo do analogous structures support the theory of evolution?

Answer 19

-explainable by convergent evolution
-similar environment caused different organisms to adapt similarly
-ex. bird vs. insect wings

Question 20

how does embryology support the theory of evolution?

Answer 20

-vertebrateds have similar embryos
-at some point all vertebrates have a postanal tail and pharyngeal pouches that turn into other things
-theory that new strucutres originate by modifyng preexisting structures of oneś ancestors

Question 21

how does molecular evidence support the theory of evolution?

Answer 21

-all living organisms have the same biochemical molecules
-ex. ATP, DNA, enzymes
-lots of developmental genes are shared across animals
-diversity comes from slight differences in the same genes
-cytosome c: molecule in ETC or every organism
-data in amino acid sequence that varies/is the same is consistent with anatomical structures that are similar- demonstrates relatedness

Question 22

directional selection

Answer 22

-shift form one phenotype to favoring an extreme
-can happen when population is adapting to a changing environment
-ex. antibiotic resistant bacteria

Question 23

disruptive selection

Answer 23

-2 or more extremes are favored
-ex. british snails: found in 2 different environments, 1 where they need to be light and 1 where they need to be dark
-population in that environment adapt to what is best fit for that environment within the 2 extremes

Question 24

stablizing selection

Answer 24

-intermediate phenotype is favored
-individuals near average instead of extremes are favored
-most common type of selection because usually the average is best fitted to environment

Question 25

sexual selection

Answer 25

-when males and females make adaptive changes to increase their ability to fnd a mate
-females can only produce a few eggs so they must be selective with their choice
-men produce sperm in mass amounts so they want to spread their genes as much as possible
-ex. bright colors, mating dance

Question 26

what are the forces taht help mantain genetic variability in a population?

Answer 26

-mutations
-recombination
-independent assortment
-fertilization
(all create new combinations)
-gene flow
-while natural selection favors a specific phenotype, others still remain
-heterozygotes (protect recessive traits)

Question 27

what is the gene pool?

Answer 27

-various alleles a all the gene loci in all indivduals of a population
-described in terms of genotype and allele frequency

Question 28

what are the five factors that must be met to prevent microevolutoin from occuring?

Answer 28

-no mutations
-no gene flow
-random mating
-no genetic drift
-no selection

Question 29

what is the significance of mutations in terms of evolution?

Answer 29

-cause new variations to arise
-ultimate source fora allele differnces
-without mutations ther woudl be no new variation for antural selection to act on

Question 30

gene flow

Answer 30

-movement of alleles among populations by migration of breeding individuals (from one population to another)

Question 31

what is the significance of gene flow in terms of evolution?

Answer 31

-can increase variation by introducing new alleles from other populations
-continued gene flow reduces differences among different populations of a species and prevents speciation

Question 32

nonrandom mating

Answer 32

-selection of a mate according to genotype or phenotype, not chance
-either relatives mate or assortative mating: individuals with the same phenotype mate

Question 33

what is the significance of nonrandom mating in terms of evolution?

Answer 33

-increases homozygote frequency
-speeds up evolution as trait is more prevalent (considered/chosen when mating)

Question 34

genetic drift

Answer 34

-changes in allele frequencies of a gene pool due to change
-drift over time depending on which organisms of a population die, survive, or reproduce
-bottleneck effect and founder effect are the two types

Question 35

what is the significance of genetic drift in terms of evolution?

Answer 35

-can increase/decrease a trait or rare allele
-speeds up process of evolution as alleles are more/less frequent

Question 36

bottleneck effect

Answer 36

-species suffers near extinction
-only a few survivors go on to produce the next generation
-causes way less genetic variation (specific traits prevalent in entire new population bc they were common in survivors)

Question 37

founder effect

Answer 37

-rare alleles occur at a higher frequency
-small population is isolated from general population, causing this to happen
-alleles carried by founders are dictated by chance alone, not fittness