The cell (1)

Question 1

Positive sense

Answer 1

Virus RNA strand that can be translated by the host cells

Question 2

Negative sense

Answer 2

Virus RNA requires a complementary strand to be synthesized by RNA replicase before translation.

Question 3

Retrovirus

Answer 3

single-stranded RNA genome from which a complex complementary DNA strand is made using reverse transcriptase.

Question 4

Lytic cycle

Answer 4

bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses. Bacteria in lytic phase are virulent

Question 5

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 5

virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell. The provirus can remain in the genome indefinitely or may leave the genome in response to the stimulus and enter the lytic cycle.

Question 6

Prions

Answer 6

infectious protein that triggers misfolding of other proteins, usually converting a-helical structure and b-pleated sheet. This decreases the solubility of the protein and increases its resistance to degradation.

Question 7

Viroids

Answer 7

plant pathogens that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural changes and potentially cell death.

Question 8

Microfilaments

Answer 8

composed of actin. Provide structural protection for cells and cause muscle contraction through interaction of myosin.

Question 9

Microtubules

Answer 9

composed of tubulin. create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles. Also contribute in cilia and flagella, and in centrioles.

Question 10

Eukaryote Flagella vs. Prokaryotes Flagella

Answer 10

Eukaryote flagella: 9+2 structure nine pairs of microtublues in center with 2 ring in middle.

Prokaryote flagella: made up of flagellin and consists of filament, basal body, and hook.

Question 11

Gram positive

Answer 11

a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid.

Gram-positive is easily targeted by antibiotics because it can weaken peptidoglycan and can enter through.

Question 12

Gram negative

Answer 12

a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.

Difficult to target gram-negative because it contains an outer membrane layer unlike gram-positive.

Question 13

Chemotaxis

Answer 13

the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Question 14

Cell theory

Answer 14

• All living things are composed of cells
• The cell is the basic functional unit of life
• Cells arise only from preexisting cells
• Cells carry genetic material in form of DNA

Question 15

Kinesin

Answer 15

Motor protein that carries vesicles (anterograde)

anterograde –> away from the soma

Question 16

Dynein

Answer 16

Motor protein that carries vesicle ( retrograde)

retrograde –> towards the soma body

Question 17

Mutualistic Symbiotes

Answer 17

both human and the bacteria benefit from the relationships.

Question 18

Cocci ( Bacteria)

Answer 18

spherical bacteria

Question 19

Bacilli ( bacteria)

Answer 19

rod-shaped bacteria (E-coli)

Question 20

Spirilli (bacteria)

Answer 20

spiral bacteria

Question 21

Transformation (Reproduction)

Answer 21

occurs when genetic material from the surrounding is taken by the cells, which can incorporate this material into its genome. (DNA from the environment)

Question 22

Conjugation

Answer 22

DNA is transferred between prokaryotic cells. One cell donates it, other receives it.

F+ = Donor
F- =recipient

Question 23

Transduction

Answer 23

movement of DNA via bacteriophages. carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another.