Respiratory System (6)

Question 1

Structure of the respiratory Pathway

Answer 1

Nares –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchiolis –> alveoli

Question 2

Inhalation

Answer 2

muscles involved: diaphragm, external costal muscles

diaphragm contracts and chest wall expands outward/ Introthoracic volume increases

Negative pressure breathing

Question 3

Negative pressure breathing

Answer 3

pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping the pressure within and drawing in air from the environment.

Question 4

Exhalation

Answer 4

muscles involved: internal costal muscles, abdominal muscles

the diaphragm relaxes and the chest wall and rib cage contracted

Question 5

Surface surfactant

Answer 5

reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli. Preventing colliding.

Question 6

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 6

maximum volume of air in the lung when one inhales completely.

TLC = VC ( vital capacity) + RV (residual volume)

Question 7

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 7

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Question 8

Vital capacity

Answer 8

The difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs
VC = TLC ( total lung capacity) - RV
VC = IRV + ERV + TV

Question 9

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 9

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Question 10

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 10

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.

Question 11

Tidal volume

Answer 11

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 12

Ventilation center

Answer 12

regulated by the medulla oblongata. fires rhythmically to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles

Question 13

What if the blood level of CO2 becomes too low

Answer 13

Brain decreases respiratory rate in order to raise the CO2 level.

Question 14

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 14

deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration is brought to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.

Question 15

Pulmonary veins

Answer 15

oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration leaves the lungs via pulmonary veins

Question 16

Control of pH:

bicarbonate buffer

Answer 16

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Question 17

Acidemia

Answer 17

When pH is lower and hydrogen concentration is higher (acidemia). The brain will increase the respiratory rate. Which will increase hydrogen ion concentration and will cause a shift to left in the buffer system, generating CO2.

Question 18

Alkalemia

Answer 18

If the blood is too basic (alkalemia), the body will seek to increase acidity.

If the respiratory rate is slowed, then more CO2 will be retained, shifting the buffer equation to right and producing more hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. resulting low pH