Reproduction (2)

Question 1

SRY (sex-determining region Y)

Answer 1

causes gonads to differentiate into testes

Question 2

Seminferous tubules

Sertoli cells

Answer 2

Seminferous tubules - Place where sperm develop in testes

Sertoli cells - sperms are nourished

Question 3

Interstital cells of Leydig

Answer 3

secretes testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)

Question 4

Pathway of sperm

MNEMONIC: SEVE(N) UP

Answer 4

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
(Nothing)
Urethra
Penis

Question 5

Seminal vesicles

Answer 5

contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce an alkaline fluid

Question 6

Prostate gland

Answer 6

produce alkaline fluid

Question 7

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

Answer 7

the clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.

Question 8

Spermatogeneis:

• Primary spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes
• spermatids
• spermatoza

Answer 8

Primary spermatocytes - After replicating in S phase
Secondary spermatocytes- After meiosis I
Spermatids - After meiosis II
Spermatozoa- maturation of spermatids (n)

Question 9

Ova (eggs)

Answer 9

produced in follicles and ovaries

Question 10

Oogenis:

• primary oocytes
• secondary oocyte

Answer 10

One haploid ovum and variable number of polar bodies are formed from an oogonium

Primary oocytes- After birth, all oogonia have already undergone replication. They are arrested in prophase I

Secondary oocytes- ovulated egg each month, which is arrested in metaphase II

If oocytes is fertilized it will complete metaphase II to become a true ovum.

Polar body- cell recieving very little cytoplasm and organelles.

Question 11

Zona pellucida

Answer 11

mixture of glycoprotein that protect the oocyte and contain necessary compounds for sperm binding

Question 12

Corona radiata

Answer 12

outside of the zona pellucida. a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation.

Question 13

Gonadotropin-releasing horomone (GnRH), Follicle- stiumulating horomone (FSH) and Lutenzing horomone (LH)

Answer 13

After puberty, hypothamalaus release GnRH and that causes to relase FSH and LH, the functions of which depend on the sex of the indivdual.

Question 14

FSH and LH in male

Answer 14

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis

LH causes interstital and devolpment of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 15

FSH and LH in female

Answer 15

FSH stimulates development of the ovarian follicles

LH causes ovulation.

These horomones also stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone.

Question 16

Estrogen

Answer 16

leads to thickening of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) each month in preparation for the implantation of a zygote.

ESTrogen ESTablish

responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 17

Progestrone

Answer 17

secreted by the corpus luteum. Progesterone is involved in the maintenance of the endometrium.

PROgesterone PROtects the endometrium

Question 18

Menstural cycle

Answer 18

divided into four events

• follicular phase
• ovulation
• leutal phase
• menstruation

Question 19

Follicular phase

Answer 19

GnRH secretion stimulates FSH and LH secretion, which promotes follicle development.

FSH increases, LH equal, Estrogen is less and then increases, Progesterone decreases

the egg develops, the endometrial lining becomes vascularized and glandularized.

Question 20

Ovulation

Answer 20

stimulated by a sudden surge in LH. This surge is triggered when the estrogen lvl reaches a threshold, and switches from negative to positive feedback effects.

(Estrogen level reaches threshold)

The egg is released from the follicle to the peritoneal cavity

FSH increases, LSH highly increases, estrogen increases, Progesterone decreases

Question 21

Luteal phase

Answer 21

LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone that maintains the uterine lining.

High estrogen and progesterone level cause negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH

FSH decreases, LH decreases, Estrogen increases, and Progesterone increases

Question 22

Menstruation

Answer 22

occurs if there is no fertilization. Estrogen and progesterone level drops, the endometrial is sloughed off, and the block on GnRH production is removed.

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone is decreased

Question 23

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 23

If fertilization occurs, bastula produces hCG which is analog of LH, and can maintain the corpus luteum.

Question 24

Menopause

Answer 24

occurs when ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone. It stops FSH and LH levels rise.

Physical and physiological changes accompanying menopause include flushing, hot flashes, bloating, headaches, irritability.

Question 25

Cyclin and CDK

Answer 25

cyclin binds to CDKs, phosphorylating, and activating transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle.

Question 26

G₀ Phase

Answer 26

the cell is living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for division.