Reproduction (2) Flashcards
SRY (sex-determining region Y)
causes gonads to differentiate into testes
Seminferous tubules
Sertoli cells
Seminferous tubules - Place where sperm develop in testes
Sertoli cells - sperms are nourished
Interstital cells of Leydig
secretes testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)
Pathway of sperm
MNEMONIC: SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct (Nothing) Urethra Penis
Seminal vesicles
contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce an alkaline fluid
Prostate gland
produce alkaline fluid
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
the clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal.
Spermatogeneis:
- Primary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocytes
- spermatids
- spermatoza
Primary spermatocytes - After replicating in S phase
Secondary spermatocytes- After meiosis I
Spermatids - After meiosis II
Spermatozoa- maturation of spermatids (n)
Ova (eggs)
produced in follicles and ovaries
Oogenis:
- primary oocytes
- secondary oocyte
One haploid ovum and variable number of polar bodies are formed from an oogonium
Primary oocytes- After birth, all oogonia have already undergone replication. They are arrested in prophase I
Secondary oocytes- ovulated egg each month, which is arrested in metaphase II
If oocytes is fertilized it will complete metaphase II to become a true ovum.
Polar body- cell recieving very little cytoplasm and organelles.
Zona pellucida
mixture of glycoprotein that protect the oocyte and contain necessary compounds for sperm binding
Corona radiata
outside of the zona pellucida. a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation.
Gonadotropin-releasing horomone (GnRH), Follicle- stiumulating horomone (FSH) and Lutenzing horomone (LH)
After puberty, hypothamalaus release GnRH and that causes to relase FSH and LH, the functions of which depend on the sex of the indivdual.
FSH and LH in male
FSH stimulates Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis
LH causes interstital and devolpment of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
FSH and LH in female
FSH stimulates development of the ovarian follicles
LH causes ovulation.
These horomones also stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen
leads to thickening of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) each month in preparation for the implantation of a zygote.
ESTrogen ESTablish
responsible for the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.
Progestrone
secreted by the corpus luteum. Progesterone is involved in the maintenance of the endometrium.
PROgesterone PROtects the endometrium
Menstural cycle
divided into four events
- follicular phase
- ovulation
- leutal phase
- menstruation
Follicular phase
GnRH secretion stimulates FSH and LH secretion, which promotes follicle development.
FSH increases, LH equal, Estrogen is less and then increases, Progesterone decreases
the egg develops, the endometrial lining becomes vascularized and glandularized.
Ovulation
stimulated by a sudden surge in LH. This surge is triggered when the estrogen lvl reaches a threshold, and switches from negative to positive feedback effects.
(Estrogen level reaches threshold)
The egg is released from the follicle to the peritoneal cavity
FSH increases, LSH highly increases, estrogen increases, Progesterone decreases
Luteal phase
LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone that maintains the uterine lining.
High estrogen and progesterone level cause negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH
FSH decreases, LH decreases, Estrogen increases, and Progesterone increases
Menstruation
occurs if there is no fertilization. Estrogen and progesterone level drops, the endometrial is sloughed off, and the block on GnRH production is removed.
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone is decreased
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
If fertilization occurs, bastula produces hCG which is analog of LH, and can maintain the corpus luteum.
Menopause
occurs when ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone. It stops FSH and LH levels rise.
Physical and physiological changes accompanying menopause include flushing, hot flashes, bloating, headaches, irritability.
Cyclin and CDK
cyclin binds to CDKs, phosphorylating, and activating transcription factors for the next stage of the cell cycle.
G₀ Phase
the cell is living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for division.
