The cardiovascular system (7)

Question 1

Systole

Answer 1

ventricular contraction. blood is pumped out of the ventricles.

Generates higher pressure during systole

Question 2

Diastole

Answer 2

ventricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles.

Diastole causes pressure to decrease

Question 3

Cardiac output

Answer 3

total blood vol pumped by a ventricle in a minute

CO= HR x SV

HR = heartbeat per minute
SV = volume of blood pumped per beat (stroke volume)

Question 4

Arteries

Answer 4

travels away from the heart to the rest of the body, carry oxygenated blood.

exception: pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries contain deoxygenated blood.

elastic recoil from their walls maintain a high pressure and forces blood forward.

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

blood to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood.

exception: pulmonary veins and umbilical veins contain oxygenated blood.

Thin inelastic vessels.

Contains valves; as blood flows forward in the veins, the valves open. When blood tries to move backward, the valves will slam shut.

Question 6

Endothelial cells

Answer 6

cell helps to maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriciton.

Question 7

Portal system:

• Heptic portal system
• Hypophyseal portal system
• Renal portal system

Answer 7

Heptic: blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the heptic portal vein.

Hypophyseal: blood travels from the capillary beds in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary.

Renal portal system: blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole.

Question 8

Erythrocytes (RBC)`

Answer 8

contains hemoglobin, protein that carries oxygen.

Common measurements include hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes.

Male hemoglobin : 13.5 and 17.5 g/dL
Female hemoglobin: 12 and 16 g/dL
Male hematocrit: 41 and 35%
Female hematocrit: 36 and 46%

Question 9

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 9

cell fragements from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation.

Question 10

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 10

Mnemonic: LAB RAT
Left Atrium = Bicsupid
Right Atrium = Tricuspid

Question 11

Longer the blood vessel

Larger cross-sectional of blood vessel

Answer 11

The longer the blood vessel = more resistance it offers

Larger cross-sectional of blood vessel = less resistance it offers

Question 12

Starling forces

Answer 12

consists of Hydrostatic force and osmotic (oncotic) pressure.

Question 13

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

the pressure of fluid within the blood vessel. Forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of the capillary bed.

Hydrostatic pressure is higher at the arteriole end and gets lower at the venule end.

Question 14

Osmotic pressure

Answer 14

“sucking” pressure drawing water towards the solute. The oncotic pressure is osmotic pressure due to proteins. Oncotic pressure draws fluid back in at the venule end.

The oncotic pressure is the same for both ends.
The oncotic pressure is higher than a hydrostatic pressure at the venule end, just b/c hydrostatic pressure is dropped at the venule end.