The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are true ribs (and which ones are they?)

Answer 1

Ribs that directly interacts with the sternum

Ribs 1-7

Question 2

What are false ribs (and which ones are they?)

Answer 2

Ribs that don’t directly interact with the sternum, but their intercostal cartilage connects to the intercostal cartilage of rib 7

Ribs 8-10

Question 3

What are floating ribs (and which ones are they?)

Answer 3

They don’t have an anterior attachment, and are embedded in posterior musculature

Ribs 11 and 12

Question 4

What is costal cartilage?

Answer 4

How the ribs attach to the sternum

Question 5

What is a diaphragm?

Answer 5

Muscular tendonous sheet

Central tendon surrounded by muscle

Question 6

What is the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 6

Aka sternal angle- bit between the body and manibrium- also where the second rib joins

Question 7

What are the two sections of the chest cavity?

Answer 7

Median partition - mediastinum

Lateral pleura and lungs

Question 8

Where is the mediastinum?

Answer 8

Root of neck above
Diaphragm below
Sternum anteriorly
Vertebral column posteriorly

Question 9

What does fibroserous mean?

Answer 9

Thick and fluid filled

Question 10

Where is the heart in the mediastinum?

Answer 10

In the pericardium

Question 11

What are the functions of the pericardium?

Answer 11

Restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole

Serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract

Question 12

What do thin walled atria receive?

Answer 12

Blood coming into the heart

Question 13

What do thick walled ventricles do?

Answer 13

Pump blood out of the heart

Question 14

Why is the left side of the heart thicker?

Answer 14

More energy is needed to pump blood through the body, than just to the lungs

Question 15

What separate the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 15

Inter-atrial, Inter-ventricular and Atrio-ventricular septa

Question 16

What direction does blood entering the right ventricle move in?

Answer 16

Horizontal and anterior

Question 17

What is the valve separating the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle?

Answer 17

Pulmonary valve, made up of anterior, right and left cusps

Question 18

What is the importance of the papillary muscles?

Answer 18

Contract to prevent the cusps turning inside out into the atrium as the intra-ventricular pressure rises

Question 19

Where is the base of the heart?

Answer 19

The top (formed mainly of the left atrium)

Question 20

How does the blood enter the left atrium?

Answer 20

Via four pulmonary veins

Question 21

What is the left atrioventricular valve called?

Answer 21

The mitral (/bicuspid) valve

Question 22

What is the right atrioventricular valve called?

Answer 22

Tricuspid

Question 23

How many times thicker is the left ventricular wall than the right?

Answer 23

3

Question 24

What is the aortic vestibule?

Answer 24

The opening to the aorta

Question 25

Where do the coronary arteries start from?

Answer 25

Aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta

Question 26

Where is the right coronary artery?

Answer 26

Runs between the pulmonary trunk and right auricle
Descends almost vertically in the right atrioventricular groove and continues posteriorly to anastomoses with the left coronary artery

Question 27

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 27

Marginal and posterior interventricular branch

Question 28

Where is the left coronary artery?

Answer 28

Arises from the aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle. It then enters the atrio-ventricular groove and divides into branches

Question 29

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 29

Anterior interventricular and circumflex branch

Question 30

What are the four major tributaries to the coronary sinus?

Answer 30

Great, middle, small and posterior cardiac veins

Question 31

What are the feramina transversarium?

Answer 31

Holes in the cranial spine that hold the vertebral artery and protect it

Question 32

When does the subclavian artery turn into the axillary artery?

Answer 32

When it’s crossed by the pectoralis minor muscle

Question 33

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Answer 33

When it crosses the lower margin of the teres major muscle

Question 34

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 34

The last bit of the colon

Question 35

At what vertebrae does the abdominal aorta bifocate?

Answer 35

L4

Question 36

What is the femoral triangle?

Answer 36

Wedge shaped depression formed by muscles in the upper thigh at the junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb

Question 37

What is the popliteal fossa?

Answer 37

Diamond shaped depression posterior to the knee joint

Question 38

What artery in the leg is palpable?

Answer 38

Dorsalis pedis

Question 39

Where are deep veins found?

Answer 39

Underneath the deep fascia of the lower limb, accompanying the major arteries

Question 40

Where are superficial veins found?

Answer 40

In subcutaneous tissue. They eventually drain into the deep veins

Question 41

Where does the great saphenous vein run?

Answer 41

Ascends up the medial side of the leg, passing anteriorly to the ankle and posteriorly to the knee

Question 42

Where does the small saphenous vein run?

Answer 42

Up the posterior side of the leg and empties into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa