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Anatomy 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a process?

A

The sticky outy bit on a vertebrae

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Posteriorly: T1 vertebra
Medial border of the first rib
Superiorly: border of the manubrium

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3
Q

What is the diaphragm attached to (in general terms)?

A

Ribs and costal cartilage

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Costal margin of ribs 11 and 12
Posteriorly: 12 thoracic vertebrae
Anteriorly: the xiphoid process

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5
Q

What is the collective name for the stuff that runs in the costal groove of each intercostal space?

A

Neurovascular bundle

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6
Q

Why is rib 1 important clinically?

A

Has a close relationship with the lower nerves of the brachial plexus and the main vessels of the arm

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7
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

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8
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscle are there?

A

3

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9
Q

What are the names of the three types of intercostal muscle?

A

Innermost, internal and external

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10
Q

What direction do the external intercostal muscles go in?

A

Muscle fibres go anterior and medial

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11
Q

What direction do the internal intercostal muscles go in?

A

At right angles to the external (superior and medial)

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12
Q

What direction do the innermost intercostal muscles go in?

A

Follow same direction as internal intercostal muscles

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13
Q

Where does the external intercostal muscle start and attach to?

A

Starts on the inferior border of the ribs and attaches to the superior border of the immediate rib below

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14
Q

Where does the internal intercostal muscle start and attach to?

A

Begins on the costal groove of the ribs and ends on the superior border of the immediate rib below

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15
Q

Where does the innermost intercostal muscle start and attach to?

A

Costal groove of the ribs and ends on the superior border of the rib below

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16
Q

How can you change the vertical diameter of the thoracic cage?

A

Diaphragm

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17
Q

How can you change the anterioposterior diameter of the thoracic cage?

A

Ribs slope down at the sternal end (first rib is fixed and the intercostal muscles contract, which bring the ribs closer together)

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18
Q

How can you change the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage?

A

Ribs articulate in front with the sternum and behind with the vertebral column

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19
Q

Where is the diaphragm attached to?

A

Xiphisternum, costal margin (CC-10 and ribs 12 and 11), lumbar vertebrae

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20
Q

What are crura?

A

Extensions/elongated structures often found in pairs

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21
Q

What does the diaphragm consist of?

A

Peripheral muscular part and centrally placed tendon

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22
Q

What happens to the diaphragm on contraction?

A

Pulls down the central tendon and increases the vertical diameter of the thorax

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23
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve ( vertebrae C3, C4 and C5)

C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

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24
Q

Where does the right crus arise from?

A

L1-L3 and their vertebral discs

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25
Q

Which parts of the diaphragm arise from the vertebrae?

A

The left and right crus

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26
Q

What does the right crus do?

A

Surround the oesophageal opening, acting as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus

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27
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Upper oesophageal tract

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29
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

Curved shelves of bone

30
Q

What is the space below a conchae called?

A

Meatus

31
Q

What do the nasal conchae do?

A

Divide the nasal cavity into four air channels that increase the SA of air during inspiration

32
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Air filled space

33
Q

What are the four sinuses called?

A

Ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary and frontal

34
Q

What are the Paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

Mucosa, cilia, mucous secretions

35
Q

What are some possible functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the weight of the head, humidify and heat inhaled air, increase resonance or speech and to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma

36
Q

Which is the largest paranasal sinus?

A

Maxillary

37
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collections of lymphatic tissues located within the pharynx

38
Q

What is waldeyers ring made up of?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil

39
Q

What are the tonsils overall function?

A

First line of defence against pathogens entering through the nasopharynx or oropharynx

40
Q

What are the three large unpaired cartilages in the larynx called?

A

Thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis

41
Q

How many smaller cartilages are there in the larynx?

A

3

42
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

What all the larynx is suspended from- only bone in the body that doesnt articulate with any other bone

43
Q

What are involved in sound production?

A

True vocal folds

44
Q

What are the false vocal folds involved in?

A

The closure of the larynx

45
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A

Space between the true and false vocal folds

46
Q

What is the carina?

A

Where the trachea bifocates

47
Q

Why is it important that the tracheal cartilage is C shaped?

A

As during food swallowing the oesophagus bulges into the lumen of the trachea to make space for the food

48
Q

Where does the trachea bifocate?

A

Behind the aortic arch (roughly the sternal angle)

49
Q

How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole bifocate into?

A

2-11

50
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Smooth membrane that secretes serous fluid

51
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura?

A

Parietal (body walls)

Visceral (lines organs)

52
Q

How big is the pleural cavity?

A

Very small (monofilm layer)

53
Q

Where do you find your cervical pleura?

A

Above your first rib and extends into the root of the neck

54
Q

Where is the costal pleura?

A

Lining the internal surface of ribs and costal cartilage

55
Q

Where is the diaphragmatic pleura?

A

Lines your diaphragm

56
Q

Where is your costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Space between your costal and diaphragmatic pleura

57
Q

When is the costodiaphragmatic recess occupied and what by?

A

Occupied by lungs during inspiration

58
Q

Where is the mediastinal pleura?

A

Lines the mediastinum

59
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

A loose bit of pleura at the root of the lung

60
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary ligament?

A

Allows for the movement of lungs during respiration

61
Q

Where is the costomediastinal recess?

A

Between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura

62
Q

What is the costomediastinal recess occupied by?

A

The interior border of the lungs during a deeper inspiration

63
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A narrow opening/ line of breakage between two structures

64
Q

What is a lingula?

A

Tongue shaped projection

65
Q

Where do you find the inferior border of the lungs?

A

Seperates base from costal and mediastinal surfaces

66
Q

Where do you find the anterior and posterior border of the lungs?

A

Separate the costal and mediastinal surfaces anteriorly and posteriorly

67
Q

What is the root of each lung?

A

Short, tubular collection of structures attaching the lung to the mediastinum

68
Q

What is the lung root covered by?

A

A sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects onto the surface of the lungs

69
Q

What does each lung root contain?

A 
Pulmonary artery
Two pulmonary veins
A main bronchus
Bronchial vessels 
Nerves and lymphatic
70
Q

What supplies the lungs with blood?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial arteries

Anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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