Respiratory System Flashcards
What is a process?
The sticky outy bit on a vertebrae
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
Posteriorly: T1 vertebra
Medial border of the first rib
Superiorly: border of the manubrium
What is the diaphragm attached to (in general terms)?
Ribs and costal cartilage
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Costal margin of ribs 11 and 12
Posteriorly: 12 thoracic vertebrae
Anteriorly: the xiphoid process
What is the collective name for the stuff that runs in the costal groove of each intercostal space?
Neurovascular bundle
Why is rib 1 important clinically?
Has a close relationship with the lower nerves of the brachial plexus and the main vessels of the arm
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11
How many layers of intercostal muscle are there?
3
What are the names of the three types of intercostal muscle?
Innermost, internal and external
What direction do the external intercostal muscles go in?
Muscle fibres go anterior and medial
What direction do the internal intercostal muscles go in?
At right angles to the external (superior and medial)
What direction do the innermost intercostal muscles go in?
Follow same direction as internal intercostal muscles
Where does the external intercostal muscle start and attach to?
Starts on the inferior border of the ribs and attaches to the superior border of the immediate rib below
Where does the internal intercostal muscle start and attach to?
Begins on the costal groove of the ribs and ends on the superior border of the immediate rib below
Where does the innermost intercostal muscle start and attach to?
Costal groove of the ribs and ends on the superior border of the rib below
How can you change the vertical diameter of the thoracic cage?
Diaphragm
How can you change the anterioposterior diameter of the thoracic cage?
Ribs slope down at the sternal end (first rib is fixed and the intercostal muscles contract, which bring the ribs closer together)
How can you change the transverse diameter of the thoracic cage?
Ribs articulate in front with the sternum and behind with the vertebral column
Where is the diaphragm attached to?
Xiphisternum, costal margin (CC-10 and ribs 12 and 11), lumbar vertebrae
What are crura?
Extensions/elongated structures often found in pairs
What does the diaphragm consist of?
Peripheral muscular part and centrally placed tendon
What happens to the diaphragm on contraction?
Pulls down the central tendon and increases the vertical diameter of the thorax
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve ( vertebrae C3, C4 and C5)
C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive
Where does the right crus arise from?
L1-L3 and their vertebral discs
Which parts of the diaphragm arise from the vertebrae?
The left and right crus
What does the right crus do?
Surround the oesophageal opening, acting as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus
What is the larynx?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the pharynx?
Upper oesophageal tract
What are nasal conchae?
Curved shelves of bone
What is the space below a conchae called?
Meatus
What do the nasal conchae do?
Divide the nasal cavity into four air channels that increase the SA of air during inspiration
What is a sinus?
Air filled space
What are the four sinuses called?
Ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary and frontal
What are the Paranasal sinuses lined by?
Mucosa, cilia, mucous secretions
What are some possible functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the weight of the head, humidify and heat inhaled air, increase resonance or speech and to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma
Which is the largest paranasal sinus?
Maxillary
What are tonsils?
Collections of lymphatic tissues located within the pharynx
What is waldeyers ring made up of?
Pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
What are the tonsils overall function?
First line of defence against pathogens entering through the nasopharynx or oropharynx
What are the three large unpaired cartilages in the larynx called?
Thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis
How many smaller cartilages are there in the larynx?
3
What is the hyoid bone?
What all the larynx is suspended from- only bone in the body that doesnt articulate with any other bone
What are involved in sound production?
True vocal folds
What are the false vocal folds involved in?
The closure of the larynx
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
Space between the true and false vocal folds
What is the carina?
Where the trachea bifocates
Why is it important that the tracheal cartilage is C shaped?
As during food swallowing the oesophagus bulges into the lumen of the trachea to make space for the food
Where does the trachea bifocate?
Behind the aortic arch (roughly the sternal angle)
How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole bifocate into?
2-11
What is the pleura?
Smooth membrane that secretes serous fluid
What are the two layers of the pleura?
Parietal (body walls)
Visceral (lines organs)
How big is the pleural cavity?
Very small (monofilm layer)
Where do you find your cervical pleura?
Above your first rib and extends into the root of the neck
Where is the costal pleura?
Lining the internal surface of ribs and costal cartilage
Where is the diaphragmatic pleura?
Lines your diaphragm
Where is your costodiaphragmatic recess?
Space between your costal and diaphragmatic pleura
When is the costodiaphragmatic recess occupied and what by?
Occupied by lungs during inspiration
Where is the mediastinal pleura?
Lines the mediastinum
What is the pulmonary ligament?
A loose bit of pleura at the root of the lung
What is the purpose of the pulmonary ligament?
Allows for the movement of lungs during respiration
Where is the costomediastinal recess?
Between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleura
What is the costomediastinal recess occupied by?
The interior border of the lungs during a deeper inspiration
What is a fissure?
A narrow opening/ line of breakage between two structures
What is a lingula?
Tongue shaped projection
Where do you find the inferior border of the lungs?
Seperates base from costal and mediastinal surfaces
Where do you find the anterior and posterior border of the lungs?
Separate the costal and mediastinal surfaces anteriorly and posteriorly
What is the root of each lung?
Short, tubular collection of structures attaching the lung to the mediastinum
What is the lung root covered by?
A sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects onto the surface of the lungs
What does each lung root contain?
Pulmonary artery Two pulmonary veins A main bronchus Bronchial vessels Nerves and lymphatic
What supplies the lungs with blood?
Pulmonary and bronchial arteries
