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Anatomy 1 > GI System > Flashcards

GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the GI tract start and end?

A

Mouth

Anus

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2
Q

What divisions of the GI tract are used by anatomists?

A

Embryonic ones

Upper (foregut), middle (midgut) and lower (hindgut)

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3
Q

Why use the embryonic divisions of the GI tract?

A

Blood supply similarities in those areas

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4
Q

What are the divisions of the GI tract when there’s a GI bleed?

A

Upper and lower - marked by the duodenojejunal junction

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5
Q

What are the GI tract divisions used in an endoscopy?

A

Upper (oesophagus and stomach)

Lower (anus, rectum and colon)

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6
Q

What is the Palatoglossus?

A

Muscle that forms the palatoglossal arch

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7
Q

What covers the palatoglossus?

A

Mucomembraneous lining

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8
Q

What is the uvula made up of?

A

Saliva-secreting glands

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9
Q

What is the uvulas job?

A

Directing food towards the pharynx

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10
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

border between mouth and pharynx

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11
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus marked by?

A

Palatoglossal arch

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12
Q

How is the oropharyngeal isthmus closed?

A

Palatoglossus

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13
Q

What are features of the fungiform papillae and where are they found?

A

Round and relatively large

Along margins of tongue

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14
Q

What are features of the filiform papillae and where are they found?

A

Small, cone shaped projections

Found in the middle of the tongue

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15
Q

What are features of the vallate papillae and where are they found?

A

Blunt ended, cylindrical

8-12 in V shape anterior to the terminal sulcus

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16
Q

Why are the vallate papillae important?

A

Mark where the innervation changes

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17
Q

What are features of the foliate papillae and where are they found?

A

Liner folds of the muscosa

Sides of the tongue

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18
Q

What is the importance of the papillae?

A

Increase contact area between tongue and contents of the oral cavity

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19
Q

What does the trachealis muscle allow for?

A

Oesophageal expansion

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20
Q

What is the oesophagus separated into?

A

Cervical
Thoracic (T1-10)
Abdominal (oesophageal hiatus -> cardia of stomach)

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21
Q

What are the three normal oesophageal constrictions and where are they?

A

Cervical (C5/6)
Thoracic
Abdominal (T10)

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22
Q

Why is there a cervical oesophageal constriction?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

Why is there a thoracic oesophageal constriction?

A

Aortic arch

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24
Q

Why is there an abdominal oesophageal constriction?

A

Oesophageal hiatus

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25
Q

Can you get abnormal oesophageal constrictions?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Thin serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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27
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

A

Walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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28
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum line?

A

Organs/ viscera

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29
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Between the two layers of peritoneum

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30
Q

What are the features of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Potential space

Filled with serous fluid

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31
Q

What are the two peritoneal relationships?

A

Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

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32
Q

What are the 3 features of the intraperitoneum?

A
  • organ completely covered with visceral peritoneum
  • organs attached to each other or the abdominal wall by a mesentery
  • organs can vary in their positioning
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33
Q

Give some examples of intraperitoneal organs

A

Stomach, jejunum and ileum

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34
Q

Give the features of the retroperitoneum

A

When an organ lies behind the peritoneum - only partially covered

You cant move these organs and tricky to get to their posterior edges

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35
Q

Which edges of retroperitoneal organs are covered in peritoneum generally?

A

Anterior and maybe lateral parts

36
Q

Give some examples of retroperitoneal organs

A

Pancreas, ascending and descending colon

37
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Double layer of peritoneum that usually connects an organ to the abdominal wall

38
Q

What is the mesentery of the small intestine called?

A

The mesentery

39
Q

What is the mesentery of the transverse colon called?

A

Transverse mesocolon

40
Q

What is an omentum?

A

Double layer of peritoneum connecting two abdominal organs

41
Q

What are the features of the greater omentum?

A
  • Hangs down like an apron
  • connects the stomach to the transverse colon
  • variable amounts of fat
  • mobile
42
Q

How does the greater omentum help the immune response?

A

Forms adhesions to areas of inflammation and limits the spread of infection

43
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Stomach and the liver

44
Q

What does the lesser omentum create?

A

Epiploic foramen/ lesser sac

45
Q

Why is the epiploic foramen important?

A

How you access stuff behind the stomach

46
Q

What is the peritoneal ligament?

A

A thickened double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall

47
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

Connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

48
Q

Why is the falciform ligament a thing?

A

Embryologically it ran from the placenta to the heart to supply it with blood, bypassing other organs

49
Q

What does the coronary ligament connect?

A

The liver to the underside of the diaphragm

50
Q

What are ruggae?

A

Folds on the internal stomach surface

51
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Production and secretion of bile
  • metabolism
  • blood filtration
  • heparin synthesis
52
Q

What is heparin?

A

Anticoagulant with an important detoxification function

53
Q

What does the liver filter out of the blood?

A

Bacteria and foreign particles from the small intestine

54
Q

Should your liver be palpable?

A

Not unless you take a deep breath in

55
Q

Why are there indentations of the posterior liver surface?

A

From organs it rests on

56
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Where the liver directly touches the diaphragm

57
Q

What is the gall bladders function?

A

Store and concentrate bile

58
Q

Can you live without a gallbladder?

A

Yes

59
Q

What is the function of the cystic bile duct?

A

Brings bile directly from the liver

60
Q

Where does the bile duct empty into?

A

Duodenum

61
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

C shaped bit of small intestine

62
Q

What sits in the duodenum?

A

Head of the pancreas

63
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

Opening of the bile duct

64
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A

Circular folds in the walls of the duodenum

65
Q

What does the major duodenal papilla deliver?

A

Pancreatic enzymes and bile

66
Q

How long is the jejunum and ileum?

A

5-7.5 metres

67
Q

Where is the jejunum?

A

Proximal 2/5 of small intestine

68
Q

Where is the ileum?

A

Distal 3/5 of small intestine

69
Q

How do the plique circularis compare in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Much more prominent in the jejunum

70
Q

How does the lumen compare in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Wider in jejunum

71
Q

How do the walls compare in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum is thick walled and ileum is thin walled

72
Q

How do the arteries and vasa recta compare in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum - less arterial arcades and long vasa recta

Ileum - more arterial arcades and short vasa recta

73
Q

How does the mesentery fat content compare in the jejunum and ileum?

A

Less fat in jejunum

74
Q

How long can an appendix be?

A

Up to 10cm

75
Q

How much can the appendix move?

A

A lot- it’s really mobile

76
Q

What is the taeniae coli?

A

Longitudinal muscle that runs along the outer layer of the long intestine

77
Q

What happens when the taeniae coli contract?

A

Forms a pocketed appearance called haustra

78
Q

What do the taeniae coli help with?

A

Movement of food through bowel

79
Q

What are appendices epiplocae?

A

Fatty deposits on the external surface of large intestine

80
Q

Where does the coeliac trunk sit?

A

T12

81
Q

Do the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries meet- and if so where?

A

Anastomoses at the border of the colon

82
Q

What does the portal venous system drain?

A

Venous blood from the greater part of GI tract and accessory organs

83
Q

What is the portal vein formed from?

A

Union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins,

84
Q

Where does the portal vein originate?

A

Behind the neck of the pancreas

85
Q

What does the portal vein split into in the liver?

A

Sinusoids

86
Q

What are the portal-systemic anastomoses?

A

Oesophageal
Rectal
Paraumbilical
Colic

87
Q

Why are the portal-system anastomoses important?

A

If the direct route becomes blocked

Anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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