Genitourinary System Flashcards
What marks the abdomen from the pelvis?
Pelvic inlet
Where is the true pelvis?
Below the pelvic inlet
What is the false pelvis?
Stuff above the pelvic inlet
What’s special about the superior part of the pubic bones?
Roughened
What’s the bit called where the two pubic bones meet?
Pubic crest
What does the pubic bone form inferiorly?
Pubic arch
What is the anterior superior iliac spine important for?
Ligament attachment
What two point of the pelvis lay on the same plane?
Anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle
What is the acetabulum?
Where the ileum, ischium and pubis meet
What are the greater and lesser sciatic notches seperated by?
Ischeal spine
What is the false pelvis bound by?
Lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossae and iliac muscle, lower part of the anterior abdominal wall
What is the function of the false pelvis?
Helps to support abdominal contents and guide the foetus into the pelvis during labour
What is the pelvic outlet bound by?
coccyx, ischeal tuberosities, pubic arch
What are the pelvic floor muscles lined with?
Fascia
What is the obturator foramen used for?
Where the major arteries that supply the lower limb come out
What angle is the pelvic arch at in males?
50-60 degrees
What angle is the female pelvic arch found at?
80-85 degrees
Why is the female pelvic arch at a bigger angle?
Childbirth
What shape is the pelvic inlet in males?
Heart
What shape is the pelvic inlet in females?
Oval
What are the first elements of the pelvis to fuse?
Ischium and pubis
When is the ischiopubic ramus formed and what is it?
4-8 years
When the ischium and pubis have fused
When does the ilium fuse to the ischiopubic portion?
11-15 in females and 14-17 in males
Which renal vein is longer and why?
Left as the IVC sits to the right
What can compression of the renal vein cause?
Swollen left testicle
Where do the kidneys lie?
Behind the peritoneum high on the posterior abdominal wall either side of the vertebral column
Why does the right kidney lie lower than the left one?
Liver
What happens to the kidneys during breathing and why?
Move down - diaphragm contraction
Which ribs cover the left kidney?
11 and 12
Which ribs cover the right kidney?
12
What is a pelvic kidney?
Kidney remains in pelvis
How is a horseshoe kidney formed?
Their inferior parts fuse together
What does a horseshoe kidney mean?
Gets stuck behind/ underneath blood vessels
What is it called when both kidneys are on one side of the body?
Unilateral double kidney
What does a unilateral double kidney cause?
Pain/ infection a lot harder to diagnose and you can get compression of the vessels or nerves
At what level do the renal arteries arise?
L2 level
Where do the ureters run?
On the surface of the Soas major muscle into the posterior of the bladder
Where is the first uretal constriction?
Leaving the hilum
Where is the second uretal constriction?
Over the top of the pelvic inlet
What can cause abnormal constrictions in the ureters?
Lodged kidney stones
Do the ureters all have the same blood supply?
No- some from renal, some gonadal and some from the iliac arteries
Where are the kidney stones likely to get lodged?
In any of the constrictions
What are the risk factors for kidney stones?
Diet, chronic infection, family history, dehydration and hypercalcaemia
What shape is the bladder?
Pyramid
Where does the apex of the bladder sit?
Pubic symphysis
Where does the base of the bladder sit?
Posteroinferior
Whats the inferolateral surface of the bladder cradled by?
Levator ani and obturator muscles
What does the muscular pouch of the bladder contain?
Specialised muscle called detrusor muscle
What is the detrusor muscle made up of?
Involuntary smooth muscle that has an interlacing pattern
What is the detrusor muscle controlled by?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the trigone bound by?
The ureters and urethra
Where is the urethra formed?
At the neck of the bladder where two inferolateral surfaces and the base intersect
Where is the male urethra surrounded by the prostate?
Where the urethra is formed
What is the female urethra supported by?
Pubovesical ligament
Where does the female urethra pass?
Inferiorly through the urogenital diaphragm
Where is the urogenital diaphragm found?
Under the pelvic floor
What is the function of the urogenital diaphragm?
Helps to control release of urine from the bladder and support the female reproductive organs
What is the perineal membrane?
Thick fascia that the external genitalia is attached to
Where does the female urethra open out?
The vestibule between the labia minora
What are the four parts of the male urethra?
Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous and spongy
Where is the preprostatic urethra?
Bladder to prostate
Where is the prostatic urethra found?
Passes through the prostate
Where is the membranous urethra found?
Passes through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane
What is the spongy urethra surrounded by?
Corpus spongiosum and bulbospongiosus muscle
Where do the gonads start in males?
Quite high up on the posterior abdominal wall
What are the superficial components of male genitalia?
Scrotum and the penis
What happens before descent of the testes?
The gubernaculum passes through the anterior abdominal wall and attaches the gonad to the scrotum
Where do the testes descend to in males?
Into the scrotum along a path defined by the gubernaculum
Where do the testes descend to in women?
Pelvic cavity where it associates with the uterus
What is maldescent of the testes?
When the testes get stuck in the inguinal canal
Why is maldescent of the testes bad?
Spermatozoa need to be at a lower temperature than the inguinal canal
What is the function of the ductus deferens/ vas deferens?
How the spermatozoa travel back up and into the penile urethra for ejaculation
What is the shape of the testes?
Ellipsoid
What are the testes enclosed in?
A musculofascial pouch
What is the musculofacial pouch continuous with?
Anterior abdominal wall
What is the spermatic cord?
Tube shaped connection between the pouch and the anterior abdominal wall
What is each testis composed of?
Seminiferous tubules and interstitial fluid
Where are spermatozoa produced?
400-600 highly coiled seminiferous tubules modified at each end to become straight tubules
What connects the rete testes with the epididymis?
12-20 efferent ducts
Where is spermatozoa stored until ejaculation?
In the epididymis
What is the penis composed of?
Two corpora cavernosa and the single corpus spongiosum
What is the bulb of the penis?
Proximal bit of the corpus spongiosum anchored to the perineal membrane
What does the root of the penis consist of?
Two crura
What are the two crura?
Proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa attached to the pubic arch
What does the bulb of the penis contain?
The opening of the urethra
What is the body of the penis formed by?
Tethering two proximal free parts of the corpora cavernosa and the related free part of the corpus spongiosum
What is the glans penis?
Where the corpus spongiosum expands distally and wraps around the corpora cavernosum
Where is the uterovesical pouch formed?
Between the uterus and the bladder
Where is the rectouterine pouch?
Between the uterus and the rectum
What is another name for the rectouterine pouch?
Pouch of Douglas
How can you take a sample from the pouch of Douglas?
Take fluid through the vaginal canal
What’s an abdominal pregnancy?
If the ova is fertilised outside the uterine tube
What’s an ectopic pregnancy?
Implantation of fertilised ova into uterine tube wall
What can surgery on bladder easily damage?
Reproductive organs
Where is the fundus of the uterus?
Anterior bit of the uterus
Where does the round ligament of the uterus attach?
Attach to the inferior pole of the ovary and the labia
What are the bulbs of vestibule and where are they found?
Pair of erectile structures either side of the vaginal opening
What does the root of the glans clitoris consist of?
Two crura
What is the body of the female external genitalia formed by?
Unattached parts of the two corpora cavernosa
Where does the fundus of the uterus reach by 20 and 40 weeks of pregnancy?
20- umbilicus
40- xiphoid process
