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Anatomy 1 > Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What marks the abdomen from the pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet

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2
Q

Where is the true pelvis?

A

Below the pelvic inlet

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3
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Stuff above the pelvic inlet

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4
Q

What’s special about the superior part of the pubic bones?

A

Roughened

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5
Q

What’s the bit called where the two pubic bones meet?

A

Pubic crest

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6
Q

What does the pubic bone form inferiorly?

A

Pubic arch

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7
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine important for?

A

Ligament attachment

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8
Q

What two point of the pelvis lay on the same plane?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

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9
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

Where the ileum, ischium and pubis meet

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10
Q

What are the greater and lesser sciatic notches seperated by?

A

Ischeal spine

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11
Q

What is the false pelvis bound by?

A

Lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossae and iliac muscle, lower part of the anterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the function of the false pelvis?

A

Helps to support abdominal contents and guide the foetus into the pelvis during labour

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13
Q

What is the pelvic outlet bound by?

A

coccyx, ischeal tuberosities, pubic arch

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14
Q

What are the pelvic floor muscles lined with?

A

Fascia

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15
Q

What is the obturator foramen used for?

A

Where the major arteries that supply the lower limb come out

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16
Q

What angle is the pelvic arch at in males?

A

50-60 degrees

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17
Q

What angle is the female pelvic arch found at?

A

80-85 degrees

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18
Q

Why is the female pelvic arch at a bigger angle?

A

Childbirth

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19
Q

What shape is the pelvic inlet in males?

A

Heart

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20
Q

What shape is the pelvic inlet in females?

A

Oval

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21
Q

What are the first elements of the pelvis to fuse?

A

Ischium and pubis

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22
Q

When is the ischiopubic ramus formed and what is it?

A

4-8 years

When the ischium and pubis have fused

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23
Q

When does the ilium fuse to the ischiopubic portion?

A

11-15 in females and 14-17 in males

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24
Q

Which renal vein is longer and why?

A

Left as the IVC sits to the right

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25
Q

What can compression of the renal vein cause?

A

Swollen left testicle

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26
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

Behind the peritoneum high on the posterior abdominal wall either side of the vertebral column

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27
Q

Why does the right kidney lie lower than the left one?

A

Liver

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28
Q

What happens to the kidneys during breathing and why?

A

Move down - diaphragm contraction

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29
Q

Which ribs cover the left kidney?

A

11 and 12

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30
Q

Which ribs cover the right kidney?

A

12

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31
Q

What is a pelvic kidney?

A

Kidney remains in pelvis

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32
Q

How is a horseshoe kidney formed?

A

Their inferior parts fuse together

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33
Q

What does a horseshoe kidney mean?

A

Gets stuck behind/ underneath blood vessels

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34
Q

What is it called when both kidneys are on one side of the body?

A

Unilateral double kidney

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35
Q

What does a unilateral double kidney cause?

A

Pain/ infection a lot harder to diagnose and you can get compression of the vessels or nerves

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36
Q

At what level do the renal arteries arise?

A

L2 level

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37
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

On the surface of the Soas major muscle into the posterior of the bladder

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38
Q

Where is the first uretal constriction?

A

Leaving the hilum

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39
Q

Where is the second uretal constriction?

A

Over the top of the pelvic inlet

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40
Q

What can cause abnormal constrictions in the ureters?

A

Lodged kidney stones

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41
Q

Do the ureters all have the same blood supply?

A

No- some from renal, some gonadal and some from the iliac arteries

42
Q

Where are the kidney stones likely to get lodged?

A

In any of the constrictions

43
Q

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

A

Diet, chronic infection, family history, dehydration and hypercalcaemia

44
Q

What shape is the bladder?

A

Pyramid

45
Q

Where does the apex of the bladder sit?

A

Pubic symphysis

46
Q

Where does the base of the bladder sit?

A

Posteroinferior

47
Q

Whats the inferolateral surface of the bladder cradled by?

A

Levator ani and obturator muscles

48
Q

What does the muscular pouch of the bladder contain?

A

Specialised muscle called detrusor muscle

49
Q

What is the detrusor muscle made up of?

A

Involuntary smooth muscle that has an interlacing pattern

50
Q

What is the detrusor muscle controlled by?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

51
Q

What is the trigone bound by?

A

The ureters and urethra

52
Q

Where is the urethra formed?

A

At the neck of the bladder where two inferolateral surfaces and the base intersect

53
Q

Where is the male urethra surrounded by the prostate?

A

Where the urethra is formed

54
Q

What is the female urethra supported by?

A

Pubovesical ligament

55
Q

Where does the female urethra pass?

A

Inferiorly through the urogenital diaphragm

56
Q

Where is the urogenital diaphragm found?

A

Under the pelvic floor

57
Q

What is the function of the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Helps to control release of urine from the bladder and support the female reproductive organs

58
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Thick fascia that the external genitalia is attached to

59
Q

Where does the female urethra open out?

A

The vestibule between the labia minora

60
Q

What are the four parts of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous and spongy

61
Q

Where is the preprostatic urethra?

A

Bladder to prostate

62
Q

Where is the prostatic urethra found?

A

Passes through the prostate

63
Q

Where is the membranous urethra found?

A

Passes through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane

64
Q

What is the spongy urethra surrounded by?

A

Corpus spongiosum and bulbospongiosus muscle

65
Q

Where do the gonads start in males?

A

Quite high up on the posterior abdominal wall

66
Q

What are the superficial components of male genitalia?

A

Scrotum and the penis

67
Q

What happens before descent of the testes?

A

The gubernaculum passes through the anterior abdominal wall and attaches the gonad to the scrotum

68
Q

Where do the testes descend to in males?

A

Into the scrotum along a path defined by the gubernaculum

69
Q

Where do the testes descend to in women?

A

Pelvic cavity where it associates with the uterus

70
Q

What is maldescent of the testes?

A

When the testes get stuck in the inguinal canal

71
Q

Why is maldescent of the testes bad?

A

Spermatozoa need to be at a lower temperature than the inguinal canal

72
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens/ vas deferens?

A

How the spermatozoa travel back up and into the penile urethra for ejaculation

73
Q

What is the shape of the testes?

A

Ellipsoid

74
Q

What are the testes enclosed in?

A

A musculofascial pouch

75
Q

What is the musculofacial pouch continuous with?

A

Anterior abdominal wall

76
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Tube shaped connection between the pouch and the anterior abdominal wall

77
Q

What is each testis composed of?

A

Seminiferous tubules and interstitial fluid

78
Q

Where are spermatozoa produced?

A

400-600 highly coiled seminiferous tubules modified at each end to become straight tubules

79
Q

What connects the rete testes with the epididymis?

A

12-20 efferent ducts

80
Q

Where is spermatozoa stored until ejaculation?

A

In the epididymis

81
Q

What is the penis composed of?

A

Two corpora cavernosa and the single corpus spongiosum

82
Q

What is the bulb of the penis?

A

Proximal bit of the corpus spongiosum anchored to the perineal membrane

83
Q

What does the root of the penis consist of?

A

Two crura

84
Q

What are the two crura?

A

Proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa attached to the pubic arch

85
Q

What does the bulb of the penis contain?

A

The opening of the urethra

86
Q

What is the body of the penis formed by?

A

Tethering two proximal free parts of the corpora cavernosa and the related free part of the corpus spongiosum

87
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

Where the corpus spongiosum expands distally and wraps around the corpora cavernosum

88
Q

Where is the uterovesical pouch formed?

A

Between the uterus and the bladder

89
Q

Where is the rectouterine pouch?

A

Between the uterus and the rectum

90
Q

What is another name for the rectouterine pouch?

A

Pouch of Douglas

91
Q

How can you take a sample from the pouch of Douglas?

A

Take fluid through the vaginal canal

92
Q

What’s an abdominal pregnancy?

A

If the ova is fertilised outside the uterine tube

93
Q

What’s an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation of fertilised ova into uterine tube wall

94
Q

What can surgery on bladder easily damage?

A

Reproductive organs

95
Q

Where is the fundus of the uterus?

A

Anterior bit of the uterus

96
Q

Where does the round ligament of the uterus attach?

A

Attach to the inferior pole of the ovary and the labia

97
Q

What are the bulbs of vestibule and where are they found?

A

Pair of erectile structures either side of the vaginal opening

98
Q

What does the root of the glans clitoris consist of?

A

Two crura

99
Q

What is the body of the female external genitalia formed by?

A

Unattached parts of the two corpora cavernosa

100
Q

Where does the fundus of the uterus reach by 20 and 40 weeks of pregnancy?

A

20- umbilicus

40- xiphoid process

Anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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