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Anatomy 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Collection of secretory epithelial cells

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2
Q

What are the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine have ducts and secrete onto a surface

Endocrine dont have ducts and secrete into bloodstream

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3
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands

A

Sebaceous glands

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4
Q

What shape is the pituitary gland?

A

Oval

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

Attached to the underside of the brain (hypothalamus)

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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6
Q

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum/ pituitary stalk

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7
Q

Name some secretions from the pituitary

A

Prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gonadotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone

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8
Q

What is prolactins function and target organ?

A

Milk production - mammary glands

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9
Q

What is growth hormones function and target organ?

A

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction and cell regeneration - musculoskeletal system

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10
Q

What is thyroid- stimulating hormone function and target organ?

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine - thyroid gland (….obviously)

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11
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone function and target organ?

A

Increases production and release of cortisol by the cortex of the adrenal gland

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12
Q

What is gonadotropins function and target organ?

A

LH triggers ovulation/ stimulates testosterone production

FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body

  • gonads
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13
Q

How common is hypopituitarism?

A

Super rare

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14
Q

What are the majority of hypopituitarism cases caused by?

A

Tumours

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypopituitarism?

A 
Small stature
Fertility issues
Temperature regulation issues
Fatigue
Inability to produce breast milk
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16
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrocalcitonin

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17
Q

What do thyroxine and triiodothyronine do?

A

Increase metabolic activity

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18
Q

What does thyrocalcitonin do?

A

Lowers levels of blood calcium and promotes bone formation

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19
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

C5-T1

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20
Q

What forms the thyroid gland?

A

Two lateral lobes and a central isthmus (also sometimes pyramidal lobe)

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21
Q

Where does the thyroid gland develop?

A

Oral cavity

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22
Q

What was the pyramidal lobe?

A

Remnant of the thyroglossal duct

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23
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery come from?

A

External carotid

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24
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery come from?

A

Thyrocervical trunk (comes from subclavian artery)

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25
Q

Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular

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26
Q

Where do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

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27
Q

What muscles cover the thyroid gland?

A

Omohyoid, sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles

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28
Q

What shape are the parathyroid glands?

A

Ovoid

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29
Q

How big are the parathyroid glands?

A

5mm

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30
Q

How many parathyroid glands do you have?

A

4 - 2 superior and 2 inferior

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31
Q

Where are the superior parathyroid glands found?

A

Middle of the posterior border of the thyroid

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32
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

Posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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33
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone

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34
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Stimulates osteoclastic activity in bones, stimulates reabsorption of calcium in kidney and absorption from small intestine

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35
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone controlled by?

A

Blood calcium levels

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36
Q

What is osteoclastic activity in bones?

A

Mobilise bone calcium and increase calcium in blood

37
Q

What type of feedback is the parathyroid hormone controlled by?

A

Negative feedback loop

38
Q

When is hyperparathyroidism usually diagnosed?

A

After a routine blood test

39
Q

How do you treat hypoparathyroidism?

A

Oral calcium and vitamin D analogues

40
Q

What is the earliest endocrine organ to develop?

A

Thyroid gland

41
Q

How does the thyroid gland develop?

A

Endodermal thickening in the midline of the pharynx that becomes a diverticulum —> thyroid gland

42
Q

What is the diverticulum that eventually forms the thyroid gland called?

A

Thyroglossal duct

43
Q

What is it called if not all of the thyroglossal duct disappears?

A

Pyramidal lobe

44
Q

What remains of the thyroglossal duct can you see in the oral cavity?

A

A pit at the back of the tongue- foramen caecum

45
Q

What happens if the thyroglossal duct doesnt close?

A

Mucus secretions from the oral cavity can run down and form a cyst that can become infected

46
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Lobular, elongated, glandular organ

47
Q

Where does the pancreas sit?

A

Epigastric region and upper left quadrant

48
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine or an exocrine organ?

A

Both

49
Q

What do pancreatic secretions contain?

A

Enzymes capable of hydrolysing fats, proteins and carbs

50
Q

What collects the secretions in the pancreas?

A

Main bile duct of the pancreas

51
Q

What part of the pancreas does the accessory duct drain?

A

Upper part of the head

52
Q

What do hormones secreted by the pancreas help?

A

Maintain sugar and salt balance

53
Q

What % of pancreas is made up of endocrine cells?

A

5

54
Q

What are the clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas called?

A

Pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans

55
Q

Where are the suprarenal/adrenal glands found?

A

Upper poles of kidneys

56
Q

How is the right suprarenal gland shaped?

A

Pyramid shaped

57
Q

What shape is the left adrenal gland?

A

Crescent

58
Q

What are the sections of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and medulla

59
Q

Why is the right adrenal gland much harder to access?

A

Really close to the IVC

60
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

61
Q

Where do the ovaries lie?

A

Within the broad ligament

62
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

63
Q

What suspends the testes in the scrotum?

A

Spermatic cord

64
Q

What makes up the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens, testicular artery, testicular veins and more

65
Q

What muscle do the walls of the scrotum contain?

A

Dartos muscle

66
Q

What do the testicular veins form?

A

Pampiniform plexus around the outside of the spermatic cord

67
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

Cool incoming arterial blood

68
Q

What is the thymus’ function?

A

Stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes

69
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymosin

70
Q

How many lobes make up the thymus?

A

2

71
Q

When is the thymus a thing in development?

A

Enlarges during childhood and atrophies after puberty

72
Q

What is the main secretion of the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

73
Q

What is melatonin important in?

A

Circadian rhythm

74
Q

What shape are the pineal glands?

A

Pine cone shaped

75
Q

What can happen to the pineal glands in middle age?

A

Become calcified

76
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Related to the midbrain and attached via a stalk

77
Q

What is the pineal gland important in?

A

Sight

78
Q

What other functions (not sight) is the pineal gland believed to play a role in?

A

Sexual development, seasonal breeding and hibernation in animals

79
Q

What have pineal tumours been linked to?

A

Early puberty

80
Q

When does the pineal gland shrink?

A

Puberty

81
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternoclaidomastoid muscle

82
Q

Where does the sternoclaidomastoid muscle attach?

A

Sternum, clavicle and mastoid process

83
Q

Where is the mastoid process?

A

Lumpy bit behind ear

84
Q

What is the posterior triangle of the neck bound by?

A

Anterior border of trapezius, posterior border of the sternoclaidomastoid and the superior border of the clavicle

85
Q

What is the anterior triangle bound by?

A

Anterior border of the sternoclaidomastoid, midline and the inferior border of the mandible

86
Q

Where do right and left ovarian veins drain into?

A

Right- into IVC

Left- into left renal vein

87
Q

What branches come off the coeliac trunk?

A

Splenic artery, left gastric and hepatic

88
Q

What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is injured during thyroid surgery?

A

Vocal cord paralysis and hoarse voice

Anatomy 1 (7 decks)

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