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1010 | Bioscience 1 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart?

A

A hollow bag of cardiac muscle.

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Lies obliquely in the thoratic cacvity.

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3
Q

What are the three heart wall layers called?

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The outer layer.
Fibrous to protect the heart.
Formed of endothelial cells as a membrane to maintain stability.

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5
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle layer.
Thickest at apex, thinnest at base.
Supports heart contractions.

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6
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner layer.
Membrane lining the chambers and valves.
Smooth to minimise friction.

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7
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Left atrium

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8
Q

What are the right and left side of the heart divided by?

A

A septum, called the muscular partition

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9
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

-To seperate the ventricles and atrium
-To prevent backflow.

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10
Q

What is the pulmonary valve?

A

Pumps blood from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

Which valve pumps blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries

A

Pulmonary valve

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12
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

Pumps blood from the left ventricle to the aorta.

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13
Q

Which valve pumps blood from the left ventricle to the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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14
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

Valve between right atria and right ventricle.

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15
Q

Which valve is between the right atria and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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16
Q

What is the bicuspid valve?

A

Valve between left atria and left ventricle

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17
Q

Which valve is between the left atria and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

18
Q

What do the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava do

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

19
Q

What do the valves do

A

Work to prevent backflow
Act as a one way system for blood flow

20
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves open and close

A

Open when the pressure in the atrium is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
Close when the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the atrium
Called ventricular standstill

21
Q

Function of the CVS

A

Provides circulation of blood around the body, acting as a pump to circulate oxygen and remove carbon dioxide while providing cells with nutrients.

22
Q

Why does the conduction of the heart happen

A

Because the heart generates its own impulse

23
Q

What increases and decreases heart rate

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres

24
Q

SA node

A

Located in right atria wall
Able to depolarise regularly which contribute to each heartbeat
Determines rate of HR and acts as the bodies own pacemaker

25
Q

What happens as the SA node depolarises

A

Sends impulses through the internodal pathways, which pass signals from the SA node to the AV node

26
Q

As the AV node receives the impulse…

A

Allows the AV valves to close

27
Q

The bundle of his

A

Fibres originating at the AV node, carrying impulses through the myocardium into the RBB and LBB

28
Q

Where are the RBB and LBB

A

Myocardium

29
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Originate from the RBB and LBB
Activate myocardium to pump

30
Q

Myocytes

A

Proteins in the myocardium
Spread out as relaxed and overlap and muscle contracts

31
Q

What does the cardiac cycle consist of

A

Diastole and systole
Diastole- the heart is at complete rest between contractions
Systole- atria and ventricle contraction period

32
Q

Diastole

A

Starts as the AV valve shuts, as repolarisation occurs, and the atria begins to fill with blood.
Pressure in atria becomes greater than pressure in ventricles and AV valve opens

33
Q

Systole

A

As AV valve opens, systole begins.
Pressure in atria decreases, pressure in ventricles increases but volume in ventricles decreases as the ventricles fill and push the walls out.

34
Q

What constitutes to the electrophysiology of the heart

A

Myocytes and action potentials

35
Q

Phase 4

A

Refractory period
Myocytes have no calcium or sodium, but lots of potassium.
Needs a large action potential

36
Q

Phase 0

A

Depolarisation
Voltage gated pathways allow potassium out
Sodium channels open
Myocyte comes to ~ +60

37
Q

Phase 1

A

Initial repolarisation
Sodium channels close and calcium channels open

38
Q

Phase 2

A

Contraction
Where an equilibrium is established
Calcium comes in
Potassium comes out
Calcium acts with troponin

39
Q

Phase 3

A

Repolarisation
Return to resting potential
Calcium channels shut and potassium channels are open

40
Q

Represented in an ECG as

A

P= atrial depolarisation
PR= delay between SA and AV node
QRS= atrial repolarisation, ventricular depolarisation
T= ventricular repolarisation

1010 | Bioscience 1 (7 decks)

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