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AQA A-Level History: The Cold War 1945-1991 > The Brezhnev Era, 1972–1985: The Extent of Détente up to 1979 - Ostpolitik and Helsinki Accords > Flashcards

The Brezhnev Era, 1972–1985: The Extent of Détente up to 1979 - Ostpolitik and Helsinki Accords Flashcards

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1
Q

Timeline of main events in Ostpolitik and the development of European détente

A

• 1955
- Hallstein Doctrine

• October 1969
- Willy Brandt appointed chancellor of FRG

• August 1970
- Non-Aggression Pact

• December 1970
- Treaty of Warsaw

• May 1971
- GDR Communist Party chief, Walter Ulbricht, resigns and replaced by Erich Honecker

• 1972
- Helsinki Accord meetings begin

• December 1972
- Basic Treaty

• February 1973
- UK and France open diplomatic relations with GDR

• June 1973
- Basic Treaty comes into effect

• By end September 1973
- GDR and FRG part of UN

• December 1974
- US opens diplomatic relations with GDR

• August 1975
- Last Helsinki Accords meeting

• Late 1977
- Plans for follow-up Helsinki Accords meeting in Belgrade

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2
Q

What does Ostpolitik mean?

A
  • Term used to describe new open approach taken by FRG towards Eastern European states
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3
Q

What were the official names of East and West Germany?

A

• East Germany
- German Democratic Republic (GDR)

• West Germany
- Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

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4
Q

Willy Brandt

A
  • Appointed as chancellor of West Germany in October 1969
  • Chose to abandon Hallstein Doctrine
  • Aimed to recognise territorial changes after WWII and negotiate with USSR and GDR
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5
Q

What territorial change did Willy Brandt seek to recognise?

A
  • Creation of the Oder-Neisse border between East Germany and Poland
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6
Q

Who was appointed as chancellor of West Germany? When did this happen?

A
  • Willy Brandt

- October 1969

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7
Q

Hallstein Doctrine

A
  • 1955
  • West German policy that aimed at not recognising the existence of East Germany (GDR)
  • Wouldn’t form diplomatic relations with states recognising GDR, except the USSR (one of Four Powers of Germany)
  • Fundamental barrier to European détente
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8
Q

Non-Aggression Pact

A
  • August 1970

- Between FRG and USSR

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9
Q

Erich Honecker

A
  • May 1971
  • GDR Communist Party chief, Walter Ulbricht, resigns
  • Replaced by Erich Honecker
  • Ulbricht known as ‘last Stalinist’
  • Allows for Ostpolitik
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10
Q

Basic Treaty

A

• Date

  • Created in December 1972
  • Comes into effect in June 1973

• Aim
- To normalise relations between the FRG and GDR

• Agreements

  • Developing friendly relations with each other
  • Guided by UN Charter to accept sovereign equality, territorial integrity, self-determination and protection of human rights and non-discrimination
  • Settle disputes by peaceful means
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11
Q

When was the Basic Treaty created? When did it come into official effect?

A
  • December 1972

- June 1973

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12
Q

What was the significance of the Basic Treaty?

A
  • Critical moment to European détente
  • Settled relations between GDR and FRG
  • Encouraged other states to establish relations with GDR and recognise it, inc. USA and FRG in 1974
  • Agreed to develop neighbourly relations
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13
Q

Give examples of states that opened diplomatic relations with GDR following the Basic Treaty

A

• February 1973

  • UK
  • France

• December 1974
- US

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14
Q

How was Germany in UN

A
  • By the end of September 1973
  • Both the GDR and FRG were members of the UN
  • Furthered European détente
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15
Q

By when had both Germanies joined the UN?

A
  • By end of September 1973
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16
Q

When was The Moscow Treaty

A

Aug 1970

17
Q

What did the Moscow Treaty do?

A

Increased links between USSR and FRG, recognised each other
FRG agreed to abandon Hallestein doctrine
Germanies would become UN members
Word “immutable” (unchangeable) changed to “inviolable” (not to be attacked/ violated) about eh Oder-Neisse line, kept open room for possible peaceful revision of the line, shows improving relations

18
Q

When was the Warsaw Treaty

A

Dec 1970

19
Q

What did the Warsaw Treaty do

A

FRG and Poland recognised that they had no territorial demands of each
Trade and financial assistance to FRG would increase
Ethnic Germans in Poland allowed to emigrate to FRG

20
Q

When was the Treaty of Prague

A

1973

21
Q

What did the Treaty of Prague do?

A

FRG and Czechoslovakia recognised each other

22
Q

When was the Berlin 4 Power Treaty Signed

A

Sept 1971

23
Q

What did the the Berlin 4 Power Treaty agree to

A

Soviets agreed to 3 principles:
- Unimpeded traffic between W. Berlin and FRG
- Recognition of W. Berlin’s ties with the FRG
- the right for West Berliners to visit Easr Berlin

in return Western Powers agreed that:
- Western sectors of Berlin were not legally part of the FRG

24
Q

What meant the Soviets were more willing to make concessions in the Berlin 4 Power Treaty?

A

Improving US-Sino relations

25
Q

when were the Helsinki Accords

A

1972 - Aug 1975

26
Q

Helsinki Accords

A
  • 1972 – August 1975
  • 35 states participated: including US and whole of Europe, except Albania
  • 3 baskets
  • Plans to have follow-up meetings with first to take place in Belgrade in late 1977
  • high point of European detente
27
Q

What were the 3 baskets made as part of the Helsinki Accords?

A
  • Basket I: Security in Europe
  • Basket II: Cooperation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment
  • Basket III: Cooperation in Humanitarian and Other Fields
28
Q

Give examples of agreements made under the 3 baskets of the Helsinki Accords

A

• Basket I: Security in Europe

  • 10 principles
    1. Respect for sovereignty and equality among states
    2. The rejection of the threat or use of force
    3. The peaceful settlement of disputes

• Basket II: Cooperation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment
- Addressed trade and industrial cooperation, transportation, science and technology, the promotion of tourism, the environment, and issues concerning migrant labour

• Basket III: Cooperation in Humanitarian and Other Fields

  • Focused on cultural and educational exchange
  • Sought to encourage the freer movement of people, information and ideas
29
Q

When were the Helsinki Accords made? How many states were involved and which ones?

A
  • Over 1972 – August 1975
  • 35 states
  • US
  • Whole of Europe, except Albania
30
Q

When and where was the first follow-up meeting for the Helsinki supposed to take place?

A
  • Belgrade

- Late 1977

31
Q

What was the Soviet position on the Helsinki Accords?

A

• Aims

  • To expand Ostpolitik and acceptance of status quo in Central and Eastern Europe
  • To decrease barriers between states to increase trade
  • To further process of East-West détente

• Views on terms

  • Concerned about no external interference in internal affairs of USSR and satellite states
  • Less interested on respect for human rights agreement
  • Reluctance to accept advanced notices of military exercises
  • Wanted to promote East-West détente so accepted conditions
32
Q

What was the American position on the Helsinki Accords?

A

• Accepting status quo

  • US not fully committed
  • Meant accepting a divided Germany and Eastern Europe under Moscow’s control

• NATO
- Feared that as Western Europe felt more secure, there would be less support for military programmes within NATO

• East-West détente
- Welcomed East-West cooperation and less confrontation

33
Q

Why can it be argued the Helsinki Accords were more of a success for the USSR

A

It was a form of recognition of the Soviets empire

AQA A-Level History: The Cold War 1945-1991 (70 decks)

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