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AQA A-Level History: The Cold War 1945-1991 > Confrontation and Cooperation, c1963–1972: Pressures on USSR - Relations with China > Flashcards

Confrontation and Cooperation, c1963–1972: Pressures on USSR - Relations with China Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Sino-Soviet alliance start and end?

A
  • Formed in 1950
  • Ended from 1960-1964
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2
Q

Who were the leaders of the USSR and China when the Sino-Soviet split occurred?

A
  • Khrushchev then Brezhnev
  • Mao
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3
Q

How did Khrushchev and Mao conflict?

A

• Status

  • Mao and China didn’t want to be a minor communist power and believed the USSR didn’t treat them equally
  • Khrushchev believed that as the leader of the first communist state, he should be the leader of the communist world

• Ideology
- Mao accused Khrushchev of revisionism especially with his attempts at peaceful coexistence

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4
Q

What is revisionism?

A
  • Term used against governments or individuals who were seen as deviating from the revolutionary path of socialism, usually towards the adaptation of capitalist policies
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5
Q

What actions did Khrushchev take that angered Mao?

A
  • Accused of abandoning struggle against capitalist imperialism and moving towards peaceful coexistence with US
  • Indirectly supported India in border dispute with China in 1959
  • Withdrew technological aid from Chinese by removing Soviet experts in 1960
  • Undermined China’s emerging nuclear weapon programme
  • Didn’t notify China of his decision to place nuclear missiles on Cuba in 1962
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6
Q

What country did the USSR indirectly support in its border dispute in China? When did this occur?

A
  • India

- 1959

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7
Q

When did the USSR remove Soviet technology experts from China?

A
  • 1960
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8
Q

When did the USSR place nuclear missiles on Cuba without notifying China?

A
  • 1962
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9
Q

What actions did Mao take that angered Khrushchev?

A
  • Provoked the US by bombing Taiwanese-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu in 1958
  • Criticised Khrushchev for being unwilling to use nuclear weapons
  • Criticised Khrushchev for removing missiles in Cuba as a betrayal of the Cuban revolution
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10
Q

What islands did the Chinese bomb which provoked the US? When did this occur?

A
  • Taiwanese-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu
    -1958
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11
Q

When did talks between China and the USSR break down?

A
  • July 1963
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12
Q

What did China call for after the breakdown in relations? How did Khrushchev and Brezhnev respond?

A
  • Due to breakdown in relations, in 1964 China called for return of territory the USSR had occupied e.g parts of Siberia
  • Khrushchev rejects but ousted in October 1964
  • Brezhnev wanted to improve relations, partly due to US involvement in Vietnam
  • Brezhnev believed USSR and China had to support North Vietnam
  • Representative met Mao but this failed and relations worsened after Malinovsky incident
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13
Q

What pieces of territory did China call for the return of? When did China request this?

A
  • Parts of Siberia
    -1964
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14
Q

When was Khrushchev ousted?

A
  • October 1964
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15
Q

Malinovsky Incident

A
  • Late 1964
  • Occurred at Sino-Soviet talks in Moscow
  • Soviet Defence minister, Rodion Malinovsky, suggested to Chinese delegate, Marshal He Long, that the Chinese should rid of Mao as the USSR had done with Khrushchev
  • Talks immediately collapsed despite Soviet apologies
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16
Q

When did the Malinovsky Incident occur?

A
  • Late 1964
17
Q

Vietnam

A

• Meetings

  • April 1965
  • USSR requested a meeting with China and North Vietnam to develop a collective response to US’ escalation of Vietnam War
  • Proposal met with resistance from China and meeting never took place
  • Mao wanted North Vietnam to remain dependent on China and not USSR

• Air force base

  • USSR proposed establishing a Soviet air force base in Kunming, southern China
  • Purpose to station 12 MiG-21 fighter planes to protect Sino-Vietnamese border from US aggression
  • China saw this as a military intrusion on its territory and believed that China was part of USSR’s imperialist targeting and reconciliation with the US
18
Q

When did the USSR request a meeting with China and North Vietnam?

A
  • April 1965
19
Q

Which planes did the USSR want to station in China? How many planes? Where in China did they want them to be stationed?

A
  • Wanted to station 12 MiG-21 fighter planes
  • In Kunming, southern China
20
Q

The Cultural Revolution

A
  • 1966

• Aims

  • Aimed at restoring revolutionary communist roots after drift from ideological purity of Chinese revolution and to identify ideological deviants
  • Attacks on anything Western, capitalist or dynastic
  • USSR was seen as revisionist and target for ideological attack

• Actions

  • Removal of high-ranking communists
  • Empowerment of youth
  • Red Guard largely led revolution while carrying ‘Little Red Book’
  • Red Guard mob led by 16 year old girl threatened to burn Soviet embassy in Beijing
  • Mao had to call on army to end revolution in 1969, but effects continued until death of Mao in 1976
21
Q

When was the Chinese Cultural Revolution and how did it end?

A
  • Started in 1966
  • Mao called on army to end it in 1969
  • Effects lasted until Mao’s death in 1976
22
Q

Border disputes

A

• February 1967
- Due to increasing hostility from China, USSR decided to station military forces in Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan

• March 1969

  • China believed USSR intended to attack
  • China adopts ‘active defence’ which based on limited aggression to deter Soviet aggression
  • Chinese forces ambush Soviet border patrol near Zhenbao Island in eastern USSR

• August 1969
- Another border conflict occurs in Xinjiang

• September 1969

  • Talks held in Beijing to reassure both sides that neither country wanted war
  • Talks didn’t adequately improve relations
  • Mao remained insecure and began improving relations with US
23
Q

When did USSR station military forces in Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan?

A
  • February 1967
24
Q

When did Chinese forces ambush Soviet border patrol near Zhenbao Island in eastern USSR?

A
  • March 1969
25
Q

When did border disputes occur in Xinjiang?

A
  • August 1969
26
Q

When did talks in Beijing occur to reassure both sides that they didn’t want war?

A
  • September 1969
27
Q

Who was Deng Xiaoping
What did he comment about the Sino-Soviet split

A
  • Leader of China between 1978 and 1992
  • Commented on Sino-Soviet split: ‘The basic problem was that the Chinese were not treated as equals and felt humiliated.’
28
Q

Who became leader of China after Mao and in what years did they lead?

A
  • Deng Xiaoping
  • Between 1978 and 1992
29
Q

Timeline of events impacting relations with China

A

• 1950
- Sino-Soviet alliance formed

• 1958
- China provoke US by bombing Taiwanese-held islands of Quemoy and Matsu

• 1959
- USSR indirectly supports India in border dispute with China

• 1960

  • Sino-Soviet split begins
  • USSR remove Soviet technology experts from China

• 1962
- USSR places nuclear missiles on Cuba without notifying China

• July 1963
- Talks between China and USSR break down

• 1964

  • China calls for return of historically Soviet occupied territories e.g pieces of Siberia
  • Malinovsky Incident

• October 1964
- Khrushchev ousted

• April 1965
- Khrushchev calls for joint meeting with China and North Vietnam to form collective response to US escalation of Vietnam War

• 1966
- Chinese Cultural Revolution begins

• February 1967
- USSR station military forces in Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan

• 1969
- Mao calls on army to end Chinese Cultural Revolution

• March 1969
- Chinese forces ambush Soviet border patrol near Zhenbao Island in eastern USSR

• August 1969
- Border conflict occurs in Xinjiang

• September 1969

  • Talks held in Beijing to reassure both sides that neither country wanted war
  • Talks didn’t adequately improve relations
  • Mao remained insecure and began improving relations with US

• 1976
- Mao dies

• 1978-1992
- Deng Xiaoping is leader of China

AQA A-Level History: The Cold War 1945-1991 (70 decks)

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