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Sectional Anatomy > The Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

The Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

3 main divisions of brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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2
Q

white matter (composed of, function)

A

composed of nerve axons (covered with myelin)
axons carry nerve impulses between the neurons

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3
Q

grey matter (composed of, function)

A

composed of nerve cell bodies (unmyelinated)
nerve cell bodies are control centers
route sensory and motor stimuli and create a response

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4
Q

axons carry _____ _____ between the neurons

A

nerve impulses

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5
Q

nerve cell bodies are ____ _____; route ___ and ___ stimulu and create a response

A

control centers
sensory
motor

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6
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part
divided into R/L hemisphere
consist of both grey matter and white matter

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7
Q

the cerebrum hemispheres are connected in the midline by a structure called the

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

the cerebral hemispheres are separated from one another from one another by the

A

falx cerebri

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9
Q

each cerebral hemispheres can be further subdivided into ___ lobes

A

4

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10
Q

cerebral gray matter (consists of what and location)

A

the cortex (outer layer) and basal nuclei (located deep in the midline)

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11
Q

cerebral white matter lies deep to the ______

A

cortex

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12
Q

the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere correspond to the adjacent ______

A

cranial bone

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13
Q

gyri

A

small folds in the cerebrum

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14
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves in the cerebrum

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15
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves in the cerebrum

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16
Q

what are the two fissures in the cerebrum

A

longitudinal (separates hemisphere)
lateral (Sylvian) (separates temporal froom frotnal and parietal)

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17
Q

corpus callosum (what, location, function, forms)

A

bundle of white matter located in the midline
connection between the R/L hemispheres
forms the roof of the lateral ventricles

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18
Q

parts of the corpus callosum

A

rostrum (think uncinate as a long word)
genu (think head as 4 letters)
body
splenium (like spleen as pancreas tail points to spleen)

everything correlates to the pancreas for shape/names

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19
Q

basal nuclei aka

A

ganglia

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20
Q

basal nuclei/ganglia (what/location/function/adjacent to)

A

distinct regions of grey matter deep within cerebral white matter
relay stations for sensory stimuli
adjacent to lat ventricles

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21
Q

what are the two basal nuclei/ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus

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22
Q

what are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen
globus pallidus

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23
Q

thalamus

A

ovoid masses of grey matter (R/L)
at the base of the cerebral hemispheres
relay stations for nerve impulses
R/L thalami are located on either side of the third ventricle

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24
Q

basal nuclei/ganglia are relay stations for ______ stimuli

A

sensory

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25
Q

basal nuclei/ganglia are adjacent to the ______

A

lateral ventricles

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26
Q

basal nuclei/ganglia are distinct regions of ________ deep within the cerebral ______

A

grey matter
white matter

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27
Q

the thalamus are ____ masses of ____ matter

A

ovoid
gray

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28
Q

the thalamus is located at the ____ of the cerebral hemispheres and the R/L thalami are located on either side of the ______

A

base
3rd ventricle

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29
Q

the thalamus forms the ____ walls of the 3rd ventricle

A

lateral

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30
Q

massa intermedia

A

tissue bridge between R/L thalamus
passes through the 3rd ventricle in the midline

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31
Q

the brainstem connects the ___ and the ____

A

brain
spinal cord

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32
Q

brainstem controls

A

vitals functions such as breathing and HR

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33
Q

major parts of the brainstem (3)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata (medulla)

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34
Q

the forebrain AKA; hindbrain AKA

A

cerebrum
cerbellum

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35
Q

midbrain (what/size/location/surrounds)

A

superior/smallest portion of brainstem
located superior to the pons
surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

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36
Q

the cerebral aqueduct is a connection between the ____ and ____ and is surrounded by the _____

A

3rd and 4th ventricles
midbrain

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37
Q

pons (what/location)

A

prominent anterior bulge of the brainstem
between midbrain and medulla

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38
Q

what is the bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

pons

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39
Q

what does the pons form

A

the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle

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40
Q

what forms the anterior wall of the 4th ventricle

A

pons

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41
Q

what does the pons control

A

controls involuntary functions (sleep, hearing, balance)

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42
Q

medulla oblongata (what part of brainstem, extends from, continuous with)

A

inferior portion of the brainstem
extend from pons to the foramen magnum
continuous with the spinal cord

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43
Q

the medulla oblongata extends from the ___ to the _____

A

pons
foramen magnum

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44
Q

foramen magnum

A

hole at the base of the skull

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45
Q

what does the medulla oblongata regulate

A

vital functions like HR/respiratory rhythm/blood pressure/breathing

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46
Q

cerebellum has how many hemispheres

A

two (R/L)

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47
Q

the cerebellum sits posterior to the ____ and _____

A

pons
medulla oblongata

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48
Q

the cerebellum sits _____ to the pons and medulla oblongata

A

posterior

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49
Q

the cerebellum is the center for ____ functions

A

motor

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50
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebrum from cerebellum

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51
Q

what separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

the tentorium cerebelli

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52
Q

parts of cerebellum (2)

A

vermis
cerebellar peduncles

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53
Q

vermis (part of what, location, connects)

A

part of the cerebellum
midline structure
connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

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54
Q

what connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

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55
Q

cerebellar peduncles (part of, how many, connect, locations)

A

part of the cerebellum
3 bilateral pairs
nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to the other parts of the brainstem
superior, middle, and inferior

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56
Q

what are the three cerebellar peduncle pairs

A

superior
middle
inferior

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57
Q

what are the nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brainstem

A

cerebellar peduncles

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58
Q

ventricles are

A

fluid filled cavities in the brain

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59
Q

parts of the ventricles

A

right and left
3rd
4th

60
Q

all 4 ventricles are interconnected by ____

A

chanels

61
Q

the function of the ventricles

A

production and pathway of CSF

62
Q

what functions in the production and pathway of CSF

A

ventricles

63
Q

CSF (long name, looks like, produced by)

A

cerebrospinal fluid
clear colourless fluid
produced by choroid plexus of ventricles

64
Q

what produces CSF

A

choroid plexus of ventricles

65
Q

CSF circulates in the _____

A

subarachnoid space

66
Q

function of CSF (3)

A

acts as a protective cushion
provided buoyancy to support the weight of the brain
drains into the blood via the dural sinuses

67
Q

the CSF acts as a _____, it provided ____ to support the ____ of the brain, and it drains into the ____ via _____

A

protective cushion
buoyancy
weight
blood
dural sinuses

68
Q

how does CSF drain into the blood

A

via dural sinuses

69
Q

lateral ventricles (paired?, size, shape, located)

A

paired
largest
c shaped
located within each cerebral hemispheres

70
Q

what is located within each cerebral hemispheres

A

the lateral ventricles

71
Q

each lat ventricle is ____ to the midline, separated medially by the ______, and communicates with the _____

A

lateral
septum pellucidum
3rd ventricle

72
Q

the lateral ventricles are separated medially by the _______

A

septum pellucidum

73
Q

the lateral ventricles are separated _____ by the septum pellucidum

A

medially

74
Q

features of the lateral ventricles (4)

A

body
horns
trigone (atria)
interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)

75
Q

body of lat ventricles

A

central portion of the lateral ventricle

76
Q

horns of the lat venricles (what, names of them/location)

A

extensions of the body

frontal/anterior
occipital/posterior
temporal/inferior

77
Q

the lat ventricles frontal extension is located ____, occipital is located ______, and temporal is located ____

A

anterior
posterior
inferior

78
Q

trigone of lat ventricles AKA

A

atria

79
Q

what is the trigone/atria

A

triangular area of the body connected to all horns

80
Q

what is the triangular area of the body connected to all horns of the lat ventricles called

A

trigone/atria

81
Q

interventricular foramen is AKA

A

Foramen of Monro

82
Q

what is the interventricular foramen

A

channel between each lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle

83
Q

what is the channel between each lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle

A

the interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monro)

84
Q

the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles are more ___ than the posterior horns

A

medially

85
Q

cavum septum pellucidum (shape, location, separates)

A

thin triangular membrane
midline inferior to the corpus callosum
separates medial walls of lat ventricles

86
Q

what separates the medial walls of the lat ventricles

A

cavum septum pellucidum

87
Q

choroid plexus (lines, function)

A

lines areas within each ventricle
produces continuous supply of CSF

88
Q

choroid plexus is on the ____ of the lat ventricles, on the ____ of the 3rd ventricles, and on the _____ of the 4th ventricles

A

floor
roof
posterior wall

89
Q

third ventricle sit inferior to

A

the lat ventricles

90
Q

third ventricle lat walls are formed by

A

R/L thalami

91
Q

what runs through the third ventricle

A

the massa intermedia of the thalamus

92
Q

cerebral aqueduct aka

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

93
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) (extends)

A

the connection between the 3/4 ventricles
extends posteriorly from the 3rd ventricle

94
Q

what is the connection between the 3/4 ventricles

A

the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

95
Q

the 4th ventricle (shape, inferior/post to, anterior to, posterior to)

A

located inferior and post to third ventricle
diamond shaped ventricle
located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons

96
Q

how many channels drain the 4th ventricle

A

three

97
Q

the fourth ventricle is ____ and ____ the the third ventricle
located _____ to the cerebellum
located ____ to the pons

A

inferior
posterior
anterior
posterior

98
Q

Foramen of Magendie (what, function, connected to)

A

single posterior midline opening draining the 4th ventricle
connected to the central canal of the spinal cord

99
Q

what is a single posterior midline opening connected to the central canal of the spinal cord that drains the 4th ventricle

A

Foramen of Magendie

100
Q

Foramen of Luschka

A

2 lateral openings that drain the 4th ventricle

101
Q

what are the two lateral openings that drain the 4th ventricle

A

Foramen of Luschka

102
Q

what do all three openings that drain the 4th ventricle communicate with

A

subarachnoid space

103
Q

what are the meninges

A

3 distinct membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

104
Q

functions of the meninges (5)

A

protect neural cells
provide support for vessels
create venous sinuses in the head
forms partition in the brain
allows for circulation of CSF

105
Q

layers of the meninges

A

Dura Mater (outer)
Arachnoid (middle)
Pia mater (inner)

106
Q

Dura Mater (AKA, what)

A

tough mother
strong outer covering
double layered membrane

107
Q

what are the layers of the Dura Mater and what they adhere to

A

periosteal layer: adheres to the bone
meningeal layer: adheres to the brain and spinal cord

108
Q

subdural space

A

inferior to dura mater

109
Q

Dura Mater partitions (3) (location/separates)

A

falx cerebri (1): projects inward between cerebral hemispheres along longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli (1): separates cerebellar hemispheres, inf/post to falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli (2): horizontal fold in transverse fissure separating cerebrum and cerebellum

110
Q

what projects inward between cerebral hemispheres along longitudinal fissure (how many)

A

falx cerebri (1)

111
Q

what separates cerebellar hemispheres and is inf/post to falx cerebri (how many)

A

falx cerebelli (1)

112
Q

what is the horizontal fold in transverse fissure separating cerebrum and cerebellum (how many)

A

tentorium cerebelli (2)

113
Q

dural layers separate along ____ to form ____

A

fissures
sinuses

114
Q

all ____ of the head drain into the sinuses

A

veins

115
Q

blood moves from the sinuses to the ________

A

internal jugular veins

116
Q

the dural layers communicated with the _____ area

A

arachnoid

117
Q

major dural sinuses (5)

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight
transverse
sigmoid

118
Q

blood from venous sinuses return to the heart via the ______

A

internal jugular vein

119
Q

what is the arachnoid (what, appearance, contains)

A

the middle layer of the meninges
cobweb appearance
has arachnoid villi/granulations

120
Q

what are the arachnoid villi/granulations (what, penetrate/project, function)

A

outgrowths of arachnoid mater penetrate the dura
these outgrowth project into the venous sinuses
allow for reabsorption of fluid into the venous system

121
Q

what allow for reabsorption of fluid into the venous system by projecting into the venous sinsuses

A

arachnoid villi/granulations

122
Q

the subarachnoid space is an important area for

A

circulation of CSF

123
Q

the subarachnoid space surrounds the __

A

brain and spinal cord

124
Q

the subarachnoid space receives CSF from the ____

A

ventricles

125
Q

the subarachnoid lies between the ____ and the ____

A

arachnoid layer
pia layer

126
Q

cisterns (what, location)

A

widened areas located in the subarachnoid space
pools of CSF
located mainly at the base of the skull

127
Q

Cisterna Magna (what, continuous with)

A

the largest cisterns (pool)
continuous with the spinal space

128
Q

Pia Mater AKA

A

tender mother

129
Q

what is the pia mater (what, adheres to, follows, highly what)

A

delicate connective tissue
adheres to surface of the brain
membrane follows brain contour (enter grooves/fissures)
highly vascular

130
Q

2 main arterial routes from the heart to the brain

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

131
Q

the internal carotid arteries are branches of the _____, take a ____ route within the brain, and connect with the ______

A

common carotid arteries
tortuous
middle cerebral arteries

132
Q

the vertebral arteries are branches of the _____, ascend cranially through the _______ of the ______ spine, enter the skull through the ______, and unite to form the _____ in the ____ brain

A

subclavian arteries
transverse foramina
cervical
foramen magnum
basilar artery
posterior

133
Q

the Circle of Willis (what, location, unites, function)

A

arterial circle of major vessels at the base of the brain
unites anterior and posterior arterial blood supplies
collateral blood flow between hemispheres
allows for continuous flow to brain in cases of damage in one area

134
Q

parts of the circle of Willis (5 and if paired or not)

A

posterior cerebral arteries (R/L)
posterior communicating arteries (R/L)
middle cerebral arteries (R/L)
anterior cerebral arteries (R/L)
anterior communicating artery (1)

135
Q

posterior cerebral arteries are branch from the the ____

A

basilar artery

136
Q

posterior communicating arteries run between the _______ and the ______

A

posterior cerebral arteries
middle cerebral arteries

137
Q

middle cerebral arteries branch from the _______

A

internal carotid arteries

138
Q

the anterior cerebral arteries are ______ ______ arteries

A

bilateral
anterior

139
Q

anterior communicating artery is a single ____ artery that connects the ____ and ________

A

midline
right
left anterior cerebral arteries

140
Q

spinal cord (what, continuation of, extends to)

A

nerve cable
continuation of the brain medulla
extends to the level of L2

141
Q

widening of the spinal cord (2)

A

cervical
lumbosacral
(where limbs come off)

142
Q

conus medullaris (what, should never)

A

distal tapering of cord
tip should never be below L2

143
Q

cauda equina (what, location, appearance)

A

nerve bundles inferior to conus medullaris
horses tail appearance

144
Q

filum terminale (what, off of, function)

A

slender strand from conus medullaris to coccyx
anchors cord

145
Q

denticulate ligaments (function)

A

secure cord laterally to vertebral canal

Sectional Anatomy (18 decks)

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