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The Cell > The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nervous system needed

A
  • communication between organisms
  • controls functions of the organism
  • regulates responses
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2
Q

Neurons

A
  • never cells capable of producing and transmitting electrical impulses
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3
Q

Anatomy of a neuron

A
  • Soma
  • Dentrites
  • Axon
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4
Q

Soma

A
  • neuronal cell body
  • contains nucleus
  • site of protein synthesis
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5
Q

Dendrites

A
  • many per neuron
  • receive incoming inputs from other neurons
  • converge on the soma
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6
Q

Axon

A
  • single axon carries impulse to next neuron in series
  • axon terminal branches into many terminal boutons
  • insulated with fatty coating termed the myelin sheath
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7
Q

Synapses

A

connection between neurons

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8
Q

how many neurons in human brain

A

100 billion

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9
Q

What does neurotransmitter removal ensure

A

that nervous system signalling is rapid and dynamic

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10
Q

how many mechanisms - removal of neurotransmitter from synapse

A

3

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11
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitter
A

neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells

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12
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitter
A

enzymes inactivate them

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13
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitters
A

can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Divergence of signal

A

synapse expands signals throughout the nervous system

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15
Q

Convergence of signal

A

synapse expand signals specifically down a certain nerve tract

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16
Q

Afferent neurons (incoming neurons)

A
  • carry information from periphery into nervous system
  • convert sensory info into action potential
    = use specialised receptors to do this
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17
Q

Efferent neurons

A
  • carry commands from nervous system to effectors
  • glands, muscles
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18
Q

Interneurons

A
  • form connections and circuits between neurons
  • connect afferent - efferent
  • increase complexity of NS
    -involved in storing info
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19
Q

What is withdrawal reflex

A
  • simplest form
  • involves 1 afferent, 1 efferent and 1 interneuron
    -only requires impulse through spinal cord
  • facilitates rapid response, termed spinal reflex
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20
Q

Nerve net

A
  • neural network
  • simple
  • small numbers of connected neurons
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21
Q

Nervous system

A
  • complex
  • Hughe numbers of cells connected
  • often contains many sub-divisions and components
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22
Q

Ganglia

A

paired or grouped neurons

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23
Q

ganglion

A

singular neuron

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24
Q

Function of glial cells

A
  • support and hold neuron in place
  • supply nutrients/O2
  • insulate neurons electrically
  • protect from pathogens
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25
Q

What are glial cells

A

cell that support neurons

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26
Q

Types of glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes (CNS)
  • Schwann cells (PNS)
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • Microglia
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27
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A
  • star shaped
  • BBB
  • protects brain from toxins in blood
  • role in inflammatory response in brain
  • control and coordinate the glial cells
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28
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • made up of cell membranes
  • permeable to fat soluble substances
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29
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A
  • rich in lipid and produce myelin
  • wrap around axons (myelin sheath)
  • gives white appearance
  • myelin provides electrical insulation
  • enhances speed
  • saltatory conduction
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30
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A
  • myelin producing cell in CNS
  • highly branched
  • single ODC produces myelin for several axons
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31
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis

A

disease of the myelin - immune system destroys the sheath

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32
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • pins and needles
  • loss of motor function
  • visual disturbance
33
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • myelinating cell = oligodendrocyte
    = single oligodendrocyte to many axons
34
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • myelinating cell = Schwann cell
    = single axon to many Schwann cells
35
Q

Microglia

A
  • small, immune cells
  • act as phagocytes
  • primary immune defence in CNS
  • work closely with astrocytes to protect neurons
36
Q

Why is microglia so important

A

as few antibiotics cross the BBB

37
Q

How can the PNS have the capacity to repair itself

A

contains few specialised support cells
- glial cells promote axon growth

38
Q

why can’t the CNS repair itself

A

Glial cells form a physical and chemical barrier to prevent regrowth

39
Q

Brain stem

A

controls basic, autonomic functions

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

integrates sensory and motor movements (precision)

41
Q

Cerebrum

A

complex behaviour, emotions, learning, memory

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

43
Q

Ponds and medulla

A
  • connects spinal cord and brain
  • control involuntary functions - breathing
    = hindbrain
44
Q

Midbrain

A
  • sensory inputs
  • mainly vision and olfaction
45
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum
- 2 hemispheres
- complex array of lobes
- perception, learning, memory, conscious behaviour

46
Q

The forebrain

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

47
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalmus, Hypothalamus

48
Q

Thymus

A

final sensory relay between spinal cord and forebrain

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates many function like temperature, thirst, hunger

50
Q

The corpus callosum

A

divides the two hemispheres and allows communication between the two

51
Q

What is the outer region of the cerebral hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

52
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

grey matter
- forms layer over brain surface

53
Q

What are the ridges called in brain tissue

A

gyri

54
Q

What are the valleys called in Brian tissue

A

sulci

55
Q

Brain and spinal cord are divided into what two matters

A

white and grey matters

56
Q

what is grey matter in the cerebral hemisphere

A

mainly neuronal cell bodies

57
Q

what is white matter in the cerebral hemisphere

A

mainly axons
- myelin gives white appearance

58
Q

The lobes of the cerebrum

A

Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital

59
Q

Anatomy of lobes of the cerebrum

A

Boxing glove
Thumb - temporal
Curled fingers - frontal
Back of had - parietal
Wrist - occipital

60
Q

contralateral control

A

right hemisphere controls left side of the body
left hemisphere controls right side of the body

61
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • role in auditory processing
  • recognition and naming objects/ faces
62
Q

What is it called when the temporal lobs is damaged

A

agnosia

63
Q

agnosia

A

aware of objects but can’t name them

64
Q

Frontal lobe

A

stimulation of specific areas
- specific muscles contract

65
Q

what separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

66
Q

other functions of frontal lobe

A

personality
planning
social conscience
awareness

67
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

strip of frontal cortex in front of central sulcus

68
Q

Who was Phineas gage

A
  • construction worker in 1848
  • survived explosion = rod through his frontal
    = became unrecognisable
69
Q

Parietal lobe

A

stimulation of specific areas
- touch, lips, fingers, gentiles

70
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

strip of parietal cortex behind central sulcus

71
Q

somatosensory

A

relates to sensory inputs

72
Q

Motor

A

relates to movement of body parts

73
Q

What does disproportionate representation relate to

A

Degree of fine motor control
Degree of touch sensitivity

74
Q

Contralateral neglect syndrome

A

damage to right parietal lobe

74
Q

Contralateral neglect syndrome

A

damage to right parietal lobe

75
Q

What does PET scanning stand for

A

Positron Emission Tomography

76
Q

What is PET scanning

A

Radioactive substance injected and detected as it passes through the brain
= allows detection of active areas in the brain

77
Q

Language processing - speaking a written word

A
  1. words detected by visual cortex
  2. processed - Wernickes area
  3. transmitted to Brocas area
  4. Brocas area stimulates motor cortex to speak word
78
Q

Language processing - speaking a heard word

A
  1. words detected by auditory cortex
  2. processed by Wernicke area
  3. transmitted to brocas area
  4. brocas area stimulates motor cortex to speak word

The Cell (18 decks)

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