Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

the cell > The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nervous system needed

A
  • communication between organisms
  • controls functions of the organism
  • regulates responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurons

A
  • never cells capable of producing and transmitting electrical impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomy of a neuron

A
  • Soma
  • Dentrites
  • Axon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Soma

A
  • neuronal cell body
  • contains nucleus
  • site of protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dendrites

A
  • many per neuron
  • receive incoming inputs from other neurons
  • converge on the soma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Axon

A
  • single axon carries impulse to next neuron in series
  • axon terminal branches into many terminal boutons
  • insulated with fatty coating termed the myelin sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synapses

A

connection between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many neurons in human brain

A

100 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does neurotransmitter removal ensure

A

that nervous system signalling is rapid and dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many mechanisms - removal of neurotransmitter from synapse

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitter
A

neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitter
A

enzymes inactivate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. removal of neurotransmitters
A

can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Divergence of signal

A

synapse expands signals throughout the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Convergence of signal

A

synapse expand signals specifically down a certain nerve tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Afferent neurons (incoming neurons)

A
  • carry information from periphery into nervous system
  • convert sensory info into action potential
    = use specialised receptors to do this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Efferent neurons

A
  • carry commands from nervous system to effectors
  • glands, muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interneurons

A
  • form connections and circuits between neurons
  • connect afferent - efferent
  • increase complexity of NS
    -involved in storing info
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is withdrawal reflex

A
  • simplest form
  • involves 1 afferent, 1 efferent and 1 interneuron
    -only requires impulse through spinal cord
  • facilitates rapid response, termed spinal reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nerve net

A
  • neural network
  • simple
  • small numbers of connected neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nervous system

A
  • complex
  • Hughe numbers of cells connected
  • often contains many sub-divisions and components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ganglia

A

paired or grouped neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ganglion

A

singular neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of glial cells

A
  • support and hold neuron in place
  • supply nutrients/O2
  • insulate neurons electrically
  • protect from pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are glial cells

A

cell that support neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes (CNS)
  • Schwann cells (PNS)
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • Microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A
  • star shaped
  • BBB
  • protects brain from toxins in blood
  • role in inflammatory response in brain
  • control and coordinate the glial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • made up of cell membranes
  • permeable to fat soluble substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Schwann cells (PNS)

A
  • rich in lipid and produce myelin
  • wrap around axons (myelin sheath)
  • gives white appearance
  • myelin provides electrical insulation
  • enhances speed
  • saltatory conduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A
  • myelin producing cell in CNS
  • highly branched
  • single ODC produces myelin for several axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis

A

disease of the myelin - immune system destroys the sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • pins and needles
  • loss of motor function
  • visual disturbance
33
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • myelinating cell = oligodendrocyte
    = single oligodendrocyte to many axons
34
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • myelinating cell = Schwann cell
    = single axon to many Schwann cells
35
Q

Microglia

A
  • small, immune cells
  • act as phagocytes
  • primary immune defence in CNS
  • work closely with astrocytes to protect neurons
36
Q

Why is microglia so important

A

as few antibiotics cross the BBB

37
Q

How can the PNS have the capacity to repair itself

A

contains few specialised support cells
- glial cells promote axon growth

38
Q

why can’t the CNS repair itself

A

Glial cells form a physical and chemical barrier to prevent regrowth

39
Q

Brain stem

A

controls basic, autonomic functions

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

integrates sensory and motor movements (precision)

41
Q

Cerebrum

A

complex behaviour, emotions, learning, memory

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

43
Q

Ponds and medulla

A
  • connects spinal cord and brain
  • control involuntary functions - breathing
    = hindbrain
44
Q

Midbrain

A
  • sensory inputs
  • mainly vision and olfaction
45
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum
- 2 hemispheres
- complex array of lobes
- perception, learning, memory, conscious behaviour

46
Q

The forebrain

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

47
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalmus, Hypothalamus

48
Q

Thymus

A

final sensory relay between spinal cord and forebrain

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates many function like temperature, thirst, hunger

50
Q

The corpus callosum

A

divides the two hemispheres and allows communication between the two

51
Q

What is the outer region of the cerebral hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

52
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

grey matter
- forms layer over brain surface

53
Q

What are the ridges called in brain tissue

A

gyri

54
Q

What are the valleys called in Brian tissue

A

sulci

55
Q

Brain and spinal cord are divided into what two matters

A

white and grey matters

56
Q

what is grey matter in the cerebral hemisphere

A

mainly neuronal cell bodies

57
Q

what is white matter in the cerebral hemisphere

A

mainly axons
- myelin gives white appearance

58
Q

The lobes of the cerebrum

A

Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital

59
Q

Anatomy of lobes of the cerebrum

A

Boxing glove
Thumb - temporal
Curled fingers - frontal
Back of had - parietal
Wrist - occipital

60
Q

contralateral control

A

right hemisphere controls left side of the body
left hemisphere controls right side of the body

61
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • role in auditory processing
  • recognition and naming objects/ faces
62
Q

What is it called when the temporal lobs is damaged

A

agnosia

63
Q

agnosia

A

aware of objects but can’t name them

64
Q

Frontal lobe

A

stimulation of specific areas
- specific muscles contract

65
Q

what separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

66
Q

other functions of frontal lobe

A

personality
planning
social conscience
awareness

67
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

strip of frontal cortex in front of central sulcus

68
Q

Who was Phineas gage

A
  • construction worker in 1848
  • survived explosion = rod through his frontal
    = became unrecognisable
69
Q

Parietal lobe

A

stimulation of specific areas
- touch, lips, fingers, gentiles

70
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

strip of parietal cortex behind central sulcus

71
Q

somatosensory

A

relates to sensory inputs

72
Q

Motor

A

relates to movement of body parts

73
Q

What does disproportionate representation relate to

A

Degree of fine motor control
Degree of touch sensitivity

74
Q

Contralateral neglect syndrome

A

damage to right parietal lobe

74
Q

Contralateral neglect syndrome

A

damage to right parietal lobe

75
Q

What does PET scanning stand for

A

Positron Emission Tomography

76
Q

What is PET scanning

A

Radioactive substance injected and detected as it passes through the brain
= allows detection of active areas in the brain

77
Q

Language processing - speaking a written word

A
  1. words detected by visual cortex
  2. processed - Wernickes area
  3. transmitted to Brocas area
  4. Brocas area stimulates motor cortex to speak word
78
Q

Language processing - speaking a heard word

A
  1. words detected by auditory cortex
  2. processed by Wernicke area
  3. transmitted to brocas area
  4. brocas area stimulates motor cortex to speak word

the cell (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions