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Animal Defences Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of defence response

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Activation
  3. Effector
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2
Q

Recognition phase

A

Discriminates between self and non-self

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3
Q

Activation phase

A

Recognition event that leads to mobilisation of cells and molecules to fight invaders

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4
Q

Effector phase

A

Mobilised cells and molecules destroy invader

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5
Q

Nonspecific defence

A

Innate, rapid, barriers like skin, phagocytic cells

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6
Q

Specific defence

A

Adaptive, specific to pathogen E.g antibiotics- slow to develop and long lasting

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7
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Essential parts of defence system
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is lymph in the body

A

Fluid derived from blood and other tissues

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9
Q

White blood cells

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cell
vesicles containing defensive enzymes

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11
Q

Four key protein types

A

Antibiotics
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
T cell receptors
Cytokines

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12
Q

Antibiotics

A

Produced by B cells
Binds to specific substances identified by the immune system

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13
Q

T cell receptors

A

Recognise and bind non-self molecules on other cells

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

Signalling molecules that alter behaviour

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15
Q

Granular cells

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Mast cells

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16
Q

Basophils

A

Release histamine
Which may promote development of T cells

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill antibody coated parasites

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Stimulate inflammation

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19
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine when damaged

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20
Q

Lymphoid progenitor cell

A

Produce
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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21
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Kill virus infected cells
Or
Regulate activities of other white blood cells

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22
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Differentiate to form antibody producing cells and memory cells

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23
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Double functional

24
Q

Non specific defences

A

Skin
Normal flora
Tears, nasal mucus + saliva
Mucous membranes

25
Pathogens in the digestive tract
Killed by gastric juices Or Bile salts in the small intestines
26
Pathogens that penetrate the surface
Activation of defence cells Secretion of digestive proteins
27
Complement system
Made from antimicrobial proteins - activated by the immune system - proteins acts in cascade
28
Complement proteins types of defences
Three types of defences 1. Attach to microbes and mark them for phagocytes to engulf 2. Activate inflammation response and attract phagocytes to site of infection 3. Lyse invading cells
29
Interferons
Signalling molecule produced by infected cells. Increase the resistance of other cells
30
How do interferons increase the resistance of other cells
1. Binding to receptors on noninfected cell membranes to stimulate a signalling pathway that inhibits viral reproduction 2. Stimulating cells to hydrolyse pathogens’ proteins to peptides
31
Phagocytes
Travel freely in the lymph and circulatory system. They engulf foreign cells and have agents inside that kill pathogens.
32
Natural killer cells
Lymphocyte that detects virus infected cells. Initiate apoptosis and can interact with specific defence mechanisms.
33
Inflammation
Response to injury - mast cells - tumour necrosis factor - Prostaglandin - Histamine
34
Mast cell
Adhering to skin and organ linings; release chemical signals
35
Tumour necrosis factor
Cytokine that kills target cells and activates immune system
36
Prostaglandins
Dilate blood vessels and interact with nerve endings, response for pain
37
Histamine
Amino acid derivative that leads to itching and allergic reactions
38
Symptoms of inflammation
Blood vessels in area are dilated Capillaries become ‘leaky’ plasma moves into tissue (causes swelling), along with complement proteins and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf invaders and dead tissue and produce cytokine
39
Toll like receptors
Recognise what is expressed by pathogen and consider response, these proteins are part of protein kinase cascade
40
Passive immunity
Specific Development of immunity from antibiotics received from another
41
Specific immune system 4 key traits
Specificity Ability to distinguish self from non self Diversity Memory
42
Specificity
Lymphocytes are crucial T cell receptors and antibodies bind to specific antigens
43
What are the specific sites on the antigen called
Antigenic determinants Or Epitopes
44
Distinguish from self and non self
Self marker (MHC) - self An antigen - non self
45
Two specific immune system responses
Hormonal immune response Cellular immune response =simultaneous
46
Hormonal immune response
Abs react with Ags in blood, lymph and tissues fluids B cell has the same specific receptors as ab on its surface Antigens bind to b cell, which then make multiple copies of the Ab
47
Cellular immune response
Detects and destroys virus infected cells and mutated cells T cell receptors bind to specific Ags, initiating immune response that results in the destruction of foreign cells
48
What is diversity generated by?
DNA changes
49
What kind of daughter cells are produced by activated lymphocytes
Effector cells Memory cells
50
Effector cells
Carry out attack Effector b cells secrete Abs Effector T cells secrete cytokines
51
Memory cells
Long lived cells that can divide on short notice to produce effector cells
52
Three ways vaccination modifies pathogens so they will not cause disease
- inactivation by heat or chemicals - attenuation of virulence by mutation - recombinant DNA
53
What is clonal deletion
any immature B + T cells that show potential to mount an immune response to self antigens undergo apoptosis
54
What cells are the basis of the humeral immune response
B cells
55
What protein class do antibodies belong to
Immunoglobulins

The Cell (18 decks)

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