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The Cell > Animal Defences > Flashcards

Animal Defences Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of defence response

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Activation
  3. Effector
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2
Q

Recognition phase

A

Discriminates between self and non-self

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3
Q

Activation phase

A

Recognition event that leads to mobilisation of cells and molecules to fight invaders

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4
Q

Effector phase

A

Mobilised cells and molecules destroy invader

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5
Q

Nonspecific defence

A

Innate, rapid, barriers like skin, phagocytic cells

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6
Q

Specific defence

A

Adaptive, specific to pathogen E.g antibiotics- slow to develop and long lasting

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7
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Essential parts of defence system
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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8
Q

What is lymph in the body

A

Fluid derived from blood and other tissues

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9
Q

White blood cells

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

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10
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cell
vesicles containing defensive enzymes

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11
Q

Four key protein types

A

Antibiotics
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
T cell receptors
Cytokines

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12
Q

Antibiotics

A

Produced by B cells
Binds to specific substances identified by the immune system

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13
Q

T cell receptors

A

Recognise and bind non-self molecules on other cells

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14
Q

Cytokines

A

Signalling molecules that alter behaviour

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15
Q

Granular cells

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Mast cells

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16
Q

Basophils

A

Release histamine
Which may promote development of T cells

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill antibody coated parasites

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Stimulate inflammation

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19
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine when damaged

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20
Q

Lymphoid progenitor cell

A

Produce
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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21
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Kill virus infected cells
Or
Regulate activities of other white blood cells

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22
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Differentiate to form antibody producing cells and memory cells

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23
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Double functional

24
Q

Non specific defences

A

Skin
Normal flora
Tears, nasal mucus + saliva
Mucous membranes

25
Q

Pathogens in the digestive tract

A

Killed by gastric juices
Or
Bile salts in the small intestines

26
Q

Pathogens that penetrate the surface

A

Activation of defence cells
Secretion of digestive proteins

27
Q

Complement system

A

Made from antimicrobial proteins
- activated by the immune system
- proteins acts in cascade

28
Q

Complement proteins types of defences

A

Three types of defences
1. Attach to microbes and mark them for phagocytes to engulf
2. Activate inflammation response and attract phagocytes to site of infection
3. Lyse invading cells

29
Q

Interferons

A

Signalling molecule produced by infected cells.
Increase the resistance of other cells

30
Q

How do interferons increase the resistance of other cells

A
  1. Binding to receptors on noninfected cell membranes to stimulate a signalling pathway that inhibits viral reproduction
  2. Stimulating cells to hydrolyse pathogens’ proteins to peptides
31
Q

Phagocytes

A

Travel freely in the lymph and circulatory system. They engulf foreign cells and have agents inside that kill pathogens.

32
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lymphocyte that detects virus infected cells. Initiate apoptosis and can interact with specific defence mechanisms.

33
Q

Inflammation

A

Response to injury
- mast cells
- tumour necrosis factor
- Prostaglandin
- Histamine

34
Q

Mast cell

A

Adhering to skin and organ linings; release chemical signals

35
Q

Tumour necrosis factor

A

Cytokine that kills target cells and activates immune system

36
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Dilate blood vessels and interact with nerve endings, response for pain

37
Q

Histamine

A

Amino acid derivative that leads to itching and allergic reactions

38
Q

Symptoms of inflammation

A

Blood vessels in area are dilated
Capillaries become ‘leaky’ plasma moves into tissue (causes swelling), along with complement proteins and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf invaders and dead tissue and produce cytokine

39
Q

Toll like receptors

A

Recognise what is expressed by pathogen and consider response, these proteins are part of protein kinase cascade

40
Q

Passive immunity

A

Specific
Development of immunity from antibiotics received from another

41
Q

Specific immune system
4 key traits

A

Specificity
Ability to distinguish self from non self
Diversity
Memory

42
Q

Specificity

A

Lymphocytes are crucial
T cell receptors and antibodies bind to specific antigens

43
Q

What are the specific sites on the antigen called

A

Antigenic determinants
Or
Epitopes

44
Q

Distinguish from self and non self

A

Self marker (MHC) - self
An antigen - non self

45
Q

Two specific immune system responses

A

Hormonal immune response

Cellular immune response

=simultaneous

46
Q

Hormonal immune response

A

Abs react with Ags in blood, lymph and tissues fluids
B cell has the same specific receptors as ab on its surface
Antigens bind to b cell, which then make multiple copies of the Ab

47
Q

Cellular immune response

A

Detects and destroys virus infected cells and mutated cells

T cell receptors bind to specific Ags, initiating immune response that results in the destruction of foreign cells

48
Q

What is diversity generated by?

A

DNA changes

49
Q

What kind of daughter cells are produced by activated lymphocytes

A

Effector cells
Memory cells

50
Q

Effector cells

A

Carry out attack
Effector b cells secrete Abs
Effector T cells secrete cytokines

51
Q

Memory cells

A

Long lived cells that can divide on short notice to produce effector cells

52
Q

Three ways vaccination modifies pathogens so they will not cause disease

A
  • inactivation by heat or chemicals
  • attenuation of virulence by mutation
  • recombinant DNA
53
Q

What is clonal deletion

A

any immature B + T cells that show potential to mount an immune response to self antigens undergo apoptosis

54
Q

What cells are the basis of the humeral immune response

A

B cells

55
Q

What protein class do antibodies belong to

A

Immunoglobulins

The Cell (18 decks)

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