The Biology Of Mind And Consciousness

Question 1

Study the links between our biology and our behavior.

Answer 1

Biological psychologists

Question 2

Everything psychological - every idea, every mood, every urge is…

Answer 2

Biological

Question 3

The messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses called

Answer 3

Action potential’s

Question 4

________ differ, but each consists of a cell body and it’s branching fibers

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

The neurons bushy _______ fibers receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

Answer 5

Dendrite

Question 6

From there, the cells ______ fiber sends out messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Answer 6

Axon

Question 7

The messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses call. These electrical signals travel down axons at different speeds.

Answer 7

Action potentials

Question 8

Messages travel faster along axons that are covered in a layer of fatty tissue called a

Answer 8

Myelin sheath

Question 9

Supporting our billions of nerve cells are nine times as many spidery

Answer 9

Glial cells a.k.a. glue cells

Question 10

Neurons interweave so tightly that even with a microscope you would have trouble seeing where one ends and another begins. But end they do, in a meeting place is called

Answer 10

Synapses

Question 11

What is the branch of psychology that studies the links between behavior and biology?

Answer 11

Biological psychology

Question 12

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Please please three structures in the correct order.

Answer 12

Dendrites, cell body, axon

Question 13

Each neuron is itself a miniature decision making device, reacting to signals it receives from hundreds, even thousands, of other neurons. Most of these signals are _________, somewhat like pushing a neuron’s gas pedal. Others are ___________, more like pushing its break.

Answer 13

Excitatory, inhibitory

Question 14

At the synapse, the impulse triggers the release of _________ molecules, chemical messengers That can cross the synaptic gap

Answer 14

Neurotransmitter

Question 15

In a final step, called ______, The sending neuron absorbs any left over at neurotransmitters in the synapse.

Answer 15

Reuptake

Question 16

How does our nervous system allow us to experience a difference between a slap and a tap on the back?

Answer 16

Stronger stimuli, the slap, cause more neurons to fire and to fire more frequently than happens with weaker stimuli, the tap.

Question 17

What happens in the synaptic gap

Answer 17

Neurons send neurotransmitters, chemical messengers, across this tiny space between one neurons terminal branch and the next neuron dendrite or cell body

Question 18

The endorphins, serotonin, and dopamine are all chemical messengers called

Answer 18

Neurotransmitters

Question 19

Each function or capability of the nervous system , Such as hearing a sound or moving your thumb, is controlled by a specific cluster of neurons, a neural network, in a specific area of the brain.

Answer 19

Functional specialization

Question 20

Each neural network or functional area is interconnected with and influenced by other networks in other regions of the brain

Answer 20

Complex communication

Question 21

This is the innermost region of the brain that controls basic life functions

Answer 21

The brain stem

Question 22

The area where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain —- Controls breathing and heartbeat and is the point where nerves going to and from each side of the brain cross over to connect with the opposite side of the body.

Answer 22

Medulla

Question 23

This sits on top of the _____ and is Latin for bridge. This plays some role in sleep and dreaming

Answer 23

Pons

Question 24

A narrow band of nerve fibers that runs up through the middle of the medulla and pons. This helps with alertness and attention

Answer 24

Reticular formation

Question 25

Is located just behind the Medulla and pons at the base of the skull. The cerebellum coordinates balance and voluntary muscle movement

Answer 25

Cerebellum

Question 26

The _______ is a small area where the brain stem thins out just above the pons. This separates the lower portion of the brain ( cerebellum, medulla, pons and associated structures, which together are sometimes called the ________) from the upper portion of the brain (The cerebral cortex and associated structures, sometimes referred to as the _______

Answer 26

Midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain

Question 27

Sits on top of the midbrain like a cap. It serves as the brains of Maine sensory switchboard, routing incoming information from all the senses to higher brain regions, except smell

Answer 27

Thalamus

Question 28

The old part of the brain also contains a set interconnected structures collectively known as _____ which is involved in emotion and certain forms of memory

Answer 28

Limbic system

Question 29

The ______ is involved in memory, especially memory for factual knowledge and events. If damages, you would probably lose your ability to form new memories

Answer 29

Hippocampus

Question 30

The _____ influences aggression and fear. Damage reduces aggressive behavior in most animals and seems to disrupt their experience of fear

Answer 30

Amygdala

Question 31

The ______ contains neurons that regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior. It also contains the so called ______ that are involved in learning from rewards and punishments.

Answer 31

Hypothalamus, pleasure centers

Question 32

The hypothalamus is the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It secretes hormones that control the _______, which influences hormone release by other glands, which in turn on monitored by the hypothalamus

Answer 32

Pituitary gland

Question 33

The most complex functions of human behavior are linked to the most highly developed part of the brain, _______. This is the newest part of the human brain.

Answer 33

Cerebral cortex

Question 34

The cortex itself is a thin sheet of nerve cells covering the surface of the left and right ______. The part of the brain that you would see if the top of the skull were removed

Answer 34

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 35

The top front of the brain behind the forehead

Answer 35

Frontal lobe

Question 36

The top rear of the brain

Answer 36

Parietal lobe

Question 37

On the side of the brain, near the bottom, behind the temple

Answer 37

Temporal lobe

Question 38

At the rear of the brain, near the bottom

Answer 38

Occipital lobe

Question 39

The frontal lobe’s contain an area called the _____ that controls voluntary muscle movement, such as moving a finger or taking a step.

Answer 39

Motor cortex

Question 40

The Parietal lobes contain the ______ also called the sensory cortex, which processes information from the skin, muscles, and joint. The body senses

Answer 40

Somatosensory cortex

Question 41

The nerve fibers from the right side of the body cross over to the left sensory cortex, and the nerve fibers from the left side of the body cross over to the right sensory cortex

Answer 41

Contralateral pathways

Question 42

A touch on your nose would be processed in the lower portion of the sensory cortex, while a touch on your toes would register near the top of the sensory cortex

Answer 42

Upside-down representation

Question 43

The more sensitive a body region, the greater the area of sensory cortex that is devoted to it. Note that the hand and the face take up the largest sections of the sensory cortex

Answer 43

Proportional representation

Question 44

The Temporal lobe’s contain the ______ , Which processes information from the ears

Answer 44

Auditory cortex

Question 45

The occipital lobes contain the ______, which processes information from the eyes

Answer 45

Visual cortex

Question 46

Most people show _____ or hemispheric Asymmetry for some cognitive tasks

Answer 46

Hemispheric specialization

Question 47

A wide bundle of perhaps 200 million neurons that connects the two hemispheres

Answer 47

Corpus callousness

Question 48

Individuals who to have had surgery to cut the corpus callosum

Answer 48

Split brain patients

Question 49

And impaired use of language

Answer 49

Aphasia

Question 50

Damage to this area, on the left frontal lobe, disrupts speaking

Answer 50

Broca’s area

Question 51

Damage to the _____ at the junction of the left temporal lobe and the left parietal lobe disrupts the ability to read aloud

Answer 51

Angular gurus

Question 52

Damage to ______, in the left Temporel lobe, disrupts the language comprehension

Answer 52

Wernicke’s area

Question 53

The left hemisphere generally controls

Answer 53

Language