Chapter 4 Review Flashcards
Everything psychological is simultaneously
Biological
The links between biology and behavior are a key part of the
Bio psychosocial approach
Scientist that study these links between psychological and biological
Biological psychologist
Basic building blocks of the nervous system, nerve cells
Neurons
Extensions of the cell body that receive messages
Dendrites
Parts of the neuron that send messages to other neurons or cells
Axon
Some axons are encased in a ____ which enables faster communication
Myelin sheath
Provide myelin and support, nourish and protect neurons. They also may play a role in learning and thinking
Glial cells
Neurons transmit information in a ____ process
Chemistry to electricity
Neurons sends signals down their axons, and this is called
Action potentials
Chemical messengers
Neurotransmitters
The tiny gap separating a sending neuron from a receiving cell
Synapse
Neurons receive incoming signals through dendrites called
Excitatory and inhibitory
Neurons fire in this kind of response
All or none response
Specific neurotransmitters travel designated pathways in the brain
Serotonin and dopamine
Neurotransmitters effect particular behaviors and emotions such as
Hunger, movement, and arousal
Natural opiates released in response to pain and intense exercise
Endorphins
Drugs and other chemicals affect brain chemistry at
Synapses
Nervous system’s two major divisions
Central nervous system, the brain spinal cord and a peripheral nervous system, the sensory and motor neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
Communicate with in the brain and spinal cord, between motor neurons and sensory neurons
Interneurons
In the PNS, the ___ controls voluntary movement of the skeletal system
Somatic nervous system
Controls the involuntary muscles and the glands
Autonomic nervous system
Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Body’s slower information system that secretes hormones
Endocrine system
During stress or danger the ANS activates the fight or flight response from the
Adrenal gland’s
The endocrine master gland
Pituitary
Triggers sex glands to release hormones
Pituitary
This complex feedback system reveals the interplay between the
Nervous and endocrine systems
The oldest part of the brain that controls automatic survival functions
Brainstem
Controls heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
Just about the medulla and that help coordinate movements
Pons
Top of brainstem, acts as brain sensory control center
Thalamus
Controls arousal and attention
Reticular formation
Rear of brainstem, processes sensory input and coordinates muscle movement
Cerebellum
Linked to emotions, drives, and memory
Limbic system
Neural centers in limbic system
Hippocampus, Amygdala, and hypothalamus
Processes conscious memories
Hippocampus
Involved in aggressive and fearful responses
Amygdala
Monitors various bodily maintenance activities, contains reward centers, triggers the pituitary to influence other glands
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex has ____ hemispheres
Two
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex has ___ Lobes
Four
The four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe’s, Parietal lobes , Occipital Lobes and temporal lobe’s
Located just behind forehead enable speaking, muscle movement, planning and judging
Frontal lobe’s
Top rear of head, receive sensory input for touch and body position
Parietal Lobes
Back of head, receive input from the visual fields
Occipital Lobes
Above the ears, receive input from the ears
Temporal lobe
At the rear of the frontal lobe’s, controls voluntary muscle movement
Motor cortex
Front of Parietal lobes, registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
Somatosensory cortex
Cerebral cortex is mostly ___ which integrate information related to higher level functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.
Association areas
This allows the brain to modify itself after some types of damage, especially early in life
Plasticity
Formation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
A large band of nerve fibers that normally connects the two brain hemispheres
Corpus callosum
If the corpus callosum is surgically severed this results in
Split brain
Split brain research shows that in most people, the hemispheres are
Specialized
Left hemisphere of split brain specializes in
Verbal processing
Right hemisphere of split brain specializes in
Visual perception and recognition of emotion
Awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Focus only on a small part of the world
Selective attention
Failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
InAttentional blindness
Failing to notice changes in our environment
Change blindness
Our internal biological clock that regulates the recycles of alertness and sleep
Circadian rhythm
Nightly sleep cycles every ___ minutes through recovering stages
90 minutes
Sleep is the brief, near waking sleep with irregular brain waves we enter, after leaving the alpha waves of being awake and relaxed. Hallucinations, such as following are floating, may occur.
NREM-1
Sleep in which we spend most of our time, it includes characteristic bursts of the rhythmic brain waves. Lengthens as the night goes on.
NREM-2
Sleep is deep sleep in which large, slow delta waves are you needed. This stage shortens as the night goes on
NREM-3
Rapid eye movement sleep that is described as a paradoxical sleep stage because of internal arousal but external calm, near paralysis. It includes most dreaming and lengthens as the night goes on.
REM
Factors that effect sleep patterns
Lifespan, genetic, and social cultural
Psychologist ____ suggest a possible reasons why sleepy bald
5
Sleep helps restore and repair damaged
Neurons
Sleep promotes ___ problem solving the next day
Creative
During deep sleep, the ___ gland secretes a growth hormone necessary for muscle development
Pituitary
Sleep helps strengthen __ that build enduring memories
Neural connections
Sleep may have played a protective role in human ___ by keeping people safe during potential he dangerous.
Evolution
Causes of sleep loss
Fatigue, irritability, impaired concentration, productivity, memory consolidation. Depression, obesity, joint pain surprised immune system, slow performance
Major sleep disorders
Insomnia , narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, sleep talking and night terrors
Reoccurring wakefulness
Insomnia
Uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into REM sleep
Narcolepsy
The stopping of breathing while asleep
Sleep Apnea
What we dream of
Ordinary events and every day experiences. Dreams are vivid, emotional and often bizarre. Most things are bad dreams a personal failures, dangers or misfortunes
Freuds wish fulfillment
Provide a psychic safety valve with manifest content acting as a censored version of Latent content, underlying meaning that gratifies our unconscious wishes
When dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate them into memory
Information processing
Regular brain stimulation that may help us develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain
Physiological function
Brain attempts to make sense of neural static By weaving it into a storyline
Neural activation
Dreams reflect dreamers cognitive development, their knowledge and understanding
Cognitive development
A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
Biological psychology
A nerve cell
Neuron
Basic building block of the nervous system
Neuron
Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body
Dendrites
Neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or cells
Axon
Nerve impulse
Action potential
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and neurons
Glial cells
Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Synapse
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse and
Threshold
Neurons reaction of either firing or not firing
All or none response
Neuron produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells
Neurotransmitters
Chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiate
Natural, opiate like to neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure
Endorphins
The bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells at the central and peripheral nervous system’s
Nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous system
Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs
Nerves
Neuron that carries incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system
Sensory neuron
Neuron that carries outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
Motor neuron
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs
Interneurons
