Chapter 3, Development Flashcards
We morph from child to adult
Adolescence
Add a lesson starts with a ___ bodily changes that mark the beginning of sexual maturity
Physical event
Adolescence ends with a ____ independent adult status
Social event
Adolescence begins with, the time when we mature sexually
Puberty
Follows a surge of hormones which may intensify moods and bodily changes
Puberty
Girls first menstrual period
Menarche
It is not when we mature that counts, but how people react you are
Physical development
As teens mature their ___ also continue to develop
Frontal lobe’s
Frontal lobe maturation lags behind the development of the
EMotional limbic system
This will slow down a teens brain development
Alcohol
Frontal lobe’s and other brain regions will continue maturing until about age
25
Better communication between the frontal lobe’s another brain regions will bring
Improved judgment, impulse control, inability to plan for the long-term
This association joined seven other medical and mental health Associations in filing US supreme court briefs arguing against the death penalty for 16 and 17-year-olds
American psychological Association in 2004
This psychologist and law professor argued against teen death penalty
Psychologist Lawrence Steinberg and law professor Elizabeth Scott
During early teen years, reasoning is often
Self focused
When adolescents reach the intellectual peak jean Piaget called
Formal operations
When adolescents are able to think abstractly
Formal operations
Jean Piaget and Lawrence Colberg proposed that moral reasoning guides
Moral Actions
The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
Moral reasoning
Three basic levels of moral thinking
Preconventional, conventional, and post conventional
Giving priority to one’s own goals
Individualism
Self interests, obey rules avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
PreConventional morality, before age 9
Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Conventional morality, early adolescence
Actions reflect the belief and basic rights and self define ethical principles
Postconventional morality way, adolescents and beyond
According to psychologist Jonathan Haidt, much of Our morality is rooted in
Moral intuition
Quick gut feelings
Moral intuition
Ericsson believed that the adolescent identity formation followed in young adulthood. By a developing capacity for
Intimacy
The ancient Greek philosopher who recognized, we humans are the social animal
Aristotle
Children get their ____ from their peers
culture
When kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests
Selection effect
Personality measures, shared environmental influences from the womb typically account for less than ___ of a children’s personality differences
10 percent
1960, 3/4 of all US women and 2/3 of all men had left home, remarried and had a child by age
30
Today, fewer than half of 30 Year old women and 1/3 of 30 old men have met these five milestones
Finish school, left home, became financially independent, married, and had a child
These adults have not yet assumed responsibilities and independence
EMerging adulthood
Struggling with trust versus mistrust
Infancy
Struggling with a Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Toddler hood
Initiative Versus guilt
Preschool
Competence versus inferiority
Elementary school
Identity versus role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy versus isolation
Young adulthood
Generativity versus stagnation
Middle adulthood
Integrity versus despair
Late adulthood
The second developmental issue
Continuity and stages
Cognitive development
Jean Piaget
Moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Psychosocial development
Eric Erickson
Adult life does ____ progress through a fixed, predictable series of steps
Not
This helps us focus our attention on the forces and interest that affect us at different points in the life span
Stage theories
What findings in psychology support the stage theory of development? What findings challenge these ideas?
Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget, cognitive development, Kohlberg, moral development, and Erickson, psychosocial development, but it is challenged by finding that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists supposed
Delayed __ is a trait that is associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive
GRatification
When people instantly find something immoral, such as emotional abuse of a child
UnConscious decision making
Roughly 20s and 30s
Early adulthood
Age 65
Middle adulthood
Years after 65
Late adulthood
Our physical abilities, our muscular strength, reaction time, sensory Keeness and cardiac input all crest by
Mid 20
In middle adulthood, physical decline is
Gradually
Aging also brings a gradual decline in
Fertility
The end of the menstrual cycle, usually within a few years of age 50
Menopause
The chances of getting pregnant after a single act of intercourse Is only half a those little women 19 to 26 for a woman
35 to 39
A ____ year-old retina receives only about 1/3 as much light as it’s ___ year-old counterpart
60, 20
A small, gradual net loss of brain cells begins in
Early adulthood
By age ___ the brain has lost about 5% of its former weight
80
Brain loss is slower in ___ who made an average of 3.5 years longer than
Women, men
Which help restrain impulsively, also shrinks which explains old peoples occasional blunt comments and questions
Frontal lobe’s
Neural processing lag is greatest during complex tasks for
Older adults
This slows aging
Exercise
This stimulate brain cell development, neural connections, helps heart disease
Exercise
Older adults when assigned aerobic exercise exhibit
Sharpen judgment, enhance memory and reduce risk of neurocognitive disorder
Neurocognitive disorder
Dementia
Exercise promotes the growth of new nerve cells in the hippocampus
Neurogenesis
Exercise helps maintain that ____ which protect the ends of chromosomes
Telomeres
With age ___ where down. Smoking, obesity or stress can speed up this wear
Telomeres
When growing older, the bodies ___ putting older adults at risk of life-threatening ailments
Disease fighting immune system
Those over __ suffer few were short term ailments such as common flu and cold viruses
65
At which point older adults report little sexual desire
Age 75
___ percent of those surveyed reported being sexually active into their 80s
75 %
The peak time for some types of learning and remembering
Early adulthood
Easier to ___ words with than to ___ for older adults
Recognize, recall
Comparing people of different ages
Cross-sectional studies
Studying the same people overtime
Longitudinal studies
The last three or four years of life, the rate of cognitive decline typically increases
Terminal decline
At every point in life, the brains natural ___ gives us the ability to improve our brains function
Plasticity
Although the training of brain games improve practice skills in order adults, it did not boost over all
Cognitive fitness
Forming close relationships
Intimacy
Being the productive and supporting future generations
Generativity
Trademark of the human animal
Pair bonding
Make similar choices of friends, clothes, vacations, jobs and so long.
Twins and especially identical twins
Given repeated exposure to someone after childhood, you may become attached to almost any available person who has a roughly similar background and level of attractiveness and he returned your affections
Romantic love
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Self disclosure
Only ___ percent of twins recalled liking their co-twins selection and only __ percent said I could have fallen for my twins partner
Half, 5
People in ___ countries are better educated and marrying later
Western
A cultures definition of the right time to leave home, married, have children
Social clock
Freud defined a healthy adult as one who was able to __ and to ___
Love, work
From ___ to __ people’s sense of identity, confidence and self-esteem typically grow stronger
Teens to mid life
People over ____ report as much happiness or satisfaction with life as younger people
65
____ Grow after mid life and ___ feelings define as one grows older
Positive, negative
The loss of a spouse is five times more for ___ than
Women, men
What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old
Challenges: decline of muscular strength, reaction times, cardiac output and immune system functioning. Rewards: positive feelings tend to grow, emotions are less intense anger, stress, worry and social relationship problems decrease
— research reveals that we experience both stability and change
Developmental psychologist
Life requires both
Stability and change
Increasingly marks or personality as we age
Stability
Gives us our identity
Stability
What findings in psychology support the idea of stability and personality across the lifespan? What findings challenge these ideas?
Some traits, such as temperament, do you exhibit remarkable stability across many years. But we do change in other ways, such as in our social attitudes, especially during life’s early years
As soon as overall growth stops, usually in the early 20s, age related physical decline begins
Senescence
Universal, normal, irreversible changes that occur with time
Primary aging
Changes that are caused by disease or environmental damage
Secondary aging
Primary aging involves changes in the individual ___ throughout the body
Cells
Secondary aging adds another layer changes from environmental events and combine result is
Actual experience of aging
Signs of aging are often grouped into these three categories
Changes in appearance, sensory capabilities and physical functioning
Most people become aware of the changes in appearance and sensory capabilities by
Middle adulthood
At some point in ____ the changes begin to affect people’s lifestyle and behavior
Late Adulthood
Late adulthood
Once people have stopped growing, they start shrinking and this becomes very noticeable in
Because of the settling of the vertebrae and compression of The discs most older people or more than an inch shorter than they were during
Early adulthood
Most older adults appear to shrink and develop a student, a disorder from primary aging called
Osteoporosis
Decline is most obvious in the two most crucial systems
Hearing and vision
The normal aging process is responsible for some hearing loss, but even more is caused by environmental factors such as loud noises
Difficulties
The typical man begins to show hearing loss at age
30
A typical woman begins showing hearing loss at age
50
The real problem with hi tone hearing loss occurs in the perception of
Human speech
Irregularities develop in the cornea or lens
Astigmatism
The average individuals I completely loses the ability to change the shape of the lens by age
50
Breakdown of cartilage waiting to join information, stiffness and pain
Osteoarthritis
Lung capacity declines and many adults develop coronary artery disease involving
Astherosclerosis
A buildup of fatty deposits on the artery walls
Astherosclerosis
Bronco smokers eventually develops a chronic disease that further it reduces lung functioning
Emphysema
Three major issues studied by developmental psychologist
Physical, cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan. Nature and nurture, continuity and stages, stability and change
How are genetic inheritance interacts with our experiences to influence our development
Nature and nurture
What parts of development are gradual and continuous and what parts change abruptly in hseparate stages
Continuity and stages
Which traits persist through life and which change as we age
Stability and change
At conception, one__ fuses with one egg cell
Sperm cell
The basic units of heredity that make up chromosomes
Genes
The threadlike coils of DNA
Chromosomes
A shared genetic profile that distinguishes each species
Genome
Heredity and environment ____ to influence development
Interact
The field of ____ studies how genes guide development as they are expressed in particular environments
Epigenetic’s
From conception to two weeks, the _____ is in a period of rapid cell development
zygote
Buy six weeks, the ___ body organs begin to form and function
Embryos
By nine weeks, the ____ is recognizably human
Fetus
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two
Identical twins a.k.a. monozygotic twins
Develop from separate fertilized eggs
Fraternal twins a.k.a. dizygotic twins
Potentially harmful agents that can pass through the placental screen and interfere with normal development
Teratogens
How do you twin and adoption studies help us understand the affects of nurture and nature
Studies of separated identical twins allow researchers to maintain the same genes well testing the effects of different home environments. Studies of adopted families let researchers maintain the same home environment while studying the effects of genetic differences
What are some of the newborns abilities and traits
Sensory systems and reflexes aided their survival and social interactions with adults. They smell in here well and began using their sensory equipment to learn. Inborn temperament, emotional excitability, heavily influences are developing personality
