Brain States And Conciousness Flashcards
A subfield in which people from many disciplines join forces to study connections between brain activity and mental processes, including states of consciousness
Cognitive neuroscience
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
A telltale sign of _____ appears in brain scans as a pattern of strong signals bouncing from one brain area to another
Conscious awareness
Conscious awareness forms one track of the ____
Dual track mind
Your awareness purposes, like a flashlight beam, on a very limited aspect of all that you experience.
Selective attention
Because our attention is _____ , in one place at a time, multitasking comes at a cost
Selective
When your interest is focused on something else and you don’t notice something else in the picture
In attentional blindness
By selectively riveting our attention on their left hands dramatic act we fail to notice changes made with their other hand. Not noticing when one person is switched out for another during a task
Change blindness
Your body is reacting in part to its own wake up call. The human body is kept roughly in tune with the 24 hour cycle of day and night by and internal biological clock called the
Circadian rhythm
Most college students are owls, with performance improving across the
Day
Most older adults are larks, with performance ____ as the day wears off
Declining
Every ____ minutes, we cycle through distinct sleep changes
90
____ is marked by slow breathing and irregular brain waves
Non REM sleep
During this brief __ you may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations
NREM-1
Leading to sleep
Hypnagogic
20 minutes later when you relax more deeply you fall into ____ - bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity.
NREM-2
You enter the stage a deep sleep. During the slow wave sleep, which last about 30 minutes, your brain Emits. Large, slow delta waves. You would be hard to awaken. This is the stage for children may wet the bed
NREM-3
An hour after sleep your body starts to reverse course. For 10 minutes, brain waves are rapid and sawtoothed. Your heart rate rises and your breathing becomes a rapid and irregular. These Eye movements announce the beginning of a dream, often emotional, story like and richly hallucinatory
REM sleep
During very scary dreams, and during REM sleep you can become
Aroused
Your brains _____ is active during REM sleep, but your ____ blocks it’s messages
Motor cortex, brainstem
This is sometimes called a paradoxical sleep
REM sleep
Sleep cycle repeats itself about every _____ minutes for younger adults
90 minutes
As the night wears on, deep ____ sleep becomes shorter and disappears
NREM-3
While NREM-3 grows shorter and disappears, _____ sleep periods get longer
REM and NREM-2
More then _____ percent of the time, people will recall a dream if awakened during REM sleep
80%
Why would communal sleeping provide added protection for soldiers
With each soldier cycling through the sleep stages independently, it is very likely that at any given time at least one of them will be awake or easily awakened in the event of a threat
What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages
REM, Nrem-1, Nrem-2, Nrem-3- normally we move through stage one, them two, then three, then back up through stage two before we experience REM sleep
Sleep patterns are ____ influenced
Culturally
These molecules are toxic to neurons
Free radicals
These are the benefits of sleep
- sleep helps us recover
- sleep helps us remember,
- sleep feeds creative thinking
- sleep supports Growth
During sleep, the ______ releases a hormone we need for muscle development
Pituitary gland
This slows reactions and increases errors on some visual attention task
Sleep Deprivation
When sleepy ___ confront an unexpected situation, slow responses can spell disaster
Frontal lobe’s
Driver fatigue has contributed to an estimated ___ percent of American traffic accidents
20%
Frittering away time online
Cyberloafing
Another effect of chronic sleep loss is
Immune system suppression
In a study of young people, the risk of depression among those who slept five or fewer hours a night was
71% higher than among others who slept eight hours
Lack of sleep can make you gain weight. By increasing ___ a hunger arousing hormone
Gherkin
Lack of sleep can also decrease its hunger suppressant partner
Leptin
Sleep deprivation can also increase this stress hormone
Cortisol
This will increase concentration, boost mood, moderate hunger, fortify the disease fighting immune system
Getting one extra hour of sleep
I. People who have attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
Narcolepsy
With this condition, people stop Breathing over and over again
Sleep apnea
If a fraternal twin sleepwalks, the odds are about ____ that the other twin will also sleepwalk
One in three
If twins are genetically identical, the odds of sleepwalking are
One in 2
Sleepwalking happens during
NREM-3 sleep
During an attack, a child may sit up or walk around, talk nonsense, and appear terrified
night terrors
Children have the deepest and longest
NREM-3 sleep
Each of us spends about _____ of our life in dreams
Six years
The Sleeping minds hallucinations
REM dreams
For both men and women are bad dreams
8 In 10 dreams
One in 10 dreams among young men and one in 30 Among young women are
Sexual
People who receive cold water treatment while sleeping were more likely to dream about
Waterfalls, and leaky roof, or being sprayed by someone
Sigmund Freud propose that dreams act as a safety valve, discharging feelings I cannot be expressed in public. He called the dreams remembered storyline it’s
Manifest content
Unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
Latent content
If you don’t get good sleep and enough sleep after you learn new stuff, you won’t integrate it effectively into your memories
Robert stickgold
Brain scans have confirmed the link between REM sleep and
Memory
Deprived of it in sleep lives or in real life, people return more and more quickly to the REM stage and finally allowed to sleep and disturbed . They sleep like babies
REM rebound
Five theories that explain why we dream
- Freuds wish fulfillment, dreams as a psychic safety valve
- information processing, dreams sort the days events and form of memories
- physiological function, dreams pave neural pathways
- neural activation, REM sleep triggers random neural activity that the mind weaves into stories
- cognitive development, dreams reflect the dreamers developmental stage
Everything psychological is simultaneously
Biological
You spend most of your time in
Stage 2 sleep
