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A-Level AQA Psychology AO > The behaviourist approach > Flashcards

The behaviourist approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Behaviourist?

A

People who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings.

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2
Q

What Classical conditioning?

A

When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the propertes of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.

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3
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future.

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4
Q

What is a Punishment?

A

Involves the application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour, with the result that the behaviout less likely to occur again in the future.

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5
Q

What is Reinforcement?

A

Anything that strengthens a response an increases the likelihood that will occur again in the future.

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6
Q

What is Postive reinforcement?

A

When you add a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.

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7
Q

What is Negative reinforcement?

A

When you remove an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.

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8
Q

What type of conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and eventually the conditioned response (CR) ceases?

A

Extinction

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9
Q

What is a unconditioned response?

A

An unlearned response, or reflex

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10
Q

What is a conditioned response

A

A learned response

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11
Q

Which scientist performed experiments on dogs to investigate classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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12
Q

What is Generalisation?

A

This occurs when a conditioned response (CR) is elicited by a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

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13
Q

What is Extinction?

A

This occurs when the person or animal learns to differentiate between similar conditioned stimuli (CS) and a conditioned response no longer occurs to a similar stimulus.

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14
Q

What is Discrimination?

A

This occurs when the person or animal learns to differentiate between similar conditioned stimuli (CS) and a conditioned response no longer occurs to a similar stimulus.

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15
Q

What is Spontaneous recovery?

A

After extinction, it only takes a few pairings of the unconditioned (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) for the conditioned response (CR) to reappear.

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16
Q

What is Higher order conditioning?

A

This is also known as second order conditioning. This occurs when a previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response. E.g. in Pavlov’s experiment, a tone (CS) was paired with food (UCS) to elicit salivation (UCR). If the tone was then paired with a light, and salivation occurred, that would be an example of higher order conditioning.

17
Q

What is an uncondtioned response (UCR)?

A

A stimulus that causes a reflexive response (a UCR) in an organism. Eg dog’s salivation response when they see food. They were not taught to salivate when they see food - the response is natural.

18
Q

What is a Neutral stimulus (NS)?

A

A stimulus that elicits a response after it has been paired with a UCS eg. a tone that would ordinarily be ignored by a dog as it has no association.

Can be paired with an UCS to cause an response.

19
Q

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

A

A stimulus that causes a reflexive response (a UCR) in an organism. eg. food that causes dogs to salivate when it’s presented to them.

20
Q

What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?

A

A behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus. e.g a salivation response when a dog hears a tone - they anticipate being fed through learning that a tone indicates that they are about to be fed.

21
Q

What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

A

A stimulus that elicits a response after it has been paired with a UCS. A CS was once a NS but has become a CS from having an association with a stimulus that elicits a UCR.

22
Q

What are the two types of responses to an environment?

A
  • Unconditoned response (UCR)

- Conditoned response (CR)

23
Q

What type of conditioning occurs when the person or animal learns to differentiate between similar conditioned stimuli (CS) and a conditioned response no longer occurs to a similar stimulus?

A

Discrimination

24
Q

What are the three types of stimuli?

A
  • Neutral stimulus (NS)
  • Controlled stimulus (CS)
  • Uncontrolled stimulus (UCS)
25
Q

What are the principles of classical conditioning?

A
  1. Generalisation
  2. Discrimination
  3. Extinction
  4. Spontaneous recovery
  5. Higher order conditioning
26
Q

What is Behaviourism?

A

Behaviourism is the psychological approach of observing and controlling behaviour, which incorporates elements of Pavlov’s classical conditioning.

27
Q

When is Behaviourism used?

A
  • In behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
  • In classroom settings.
  • In informing research on environmental influences on human behaviour.
28
Q

How did behaviourism help to establish psychology as a science?

A

It used objective methods and experimentation.

29
Q

What assumption is made when animals are used in behavioural experiments?

A

The behaviour of animals can be partly applied to humans.

30
Q

Which researchers induced a fear of white rats into ‘Little Albert’?

A

Watson and Rayner (1920)

31
Q

What is postive punishment?

A

When you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

32
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

When you remove an aversive stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

33
Q

What is the meaning of positive when discussing operant conditioning?

A

A stimulus is added

34
Q

What type of conditon is light?

A

Token conditoner

35
Q

Give an example of an postive reinforcement

A

Food or A student is working very hard and producing good work. As a consequence, their teacher allows them to skip their next assignment.

36
Q

Give an example of a negative reinforcement

A

Loud noise stopping

37
Q

Give an example of a postive punishment

A

Electric shock

38
Q

Give an example of a negative punishment

A

Taking away water

39
Q

What is a token conditioner?

A

A stimulus which is neither unpleasant nor pleasant

A-Level AQA Psychology AO (99 decks)

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