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Anatomy > The Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

The Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Define the basal Ganglia

A

Large interconnected nuclear masses located deep within
1.Cereral hemispheres
2.Diencephalon
3.Mid brain

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2
Q

Functions of the Basal Ganglia?

A

1.Fine-tuning of voluntary movements
2.Control of posture
3.memory-storage of motor programs of familiar mot actions e.g signature

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3
Q

What system is the basal ganglia a part of?

A

Extra pyramidal system

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4
Q

What nuclei make up the basal ganglia?

A

1.corpus striatum
2.Subthalamic nucleus
3.Substantia Nigra

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5
Q

Where is the corpus striatum located?

A

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

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6
Q

What divides the corpus striatum?And what does it divide it into?

A

1.internal capsule
2.Caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus

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7
Q

What is the caudate nucleus divided into?

A
  1. head
    2.Body
    3.Tail
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8
Q

What shape is the caudate nucleus ?

A

Large C-shaped or coma shaped mass of grey matter

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9
Q

what is the caudate nucleus in close relation to?

A

Lateral ventricle

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10
Q

Describe the head of the caudate nucleus?

A

It is the large and rounded anterior part that forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.
It is continuous inferiorly with the putamen.

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11
Q

Describe the body of the caudate nucleus?

A

It is long and narrow and forms part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle.

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12
Q

Where does the body and the head of the caudate nucleus meet?

A

Interventricular foramen.

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13
Q

Describe the tail of the caudate nucleus.

A

long and narrow and lies in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.

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14
Q

What is the tail of the caudate nucleus continuous with?

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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15
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus.

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16
Q

where is the putamen located?

A

Between the external capsule and the globus pallidus?

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17
Q

Where is the globus pallidus located?

A

Between the putamen and the internal capsule.
.

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18
Q

What 2 capsules surround the lentiform nucleus?

A

External capsule (laterally) and internal capsule
(medially)

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19
Q

What does the internal capsule separate?

A

The caudate nucleus& thalamus medially from the lentiform nucleus laterally

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20
Q

What does the external capsule separate?

A

The lentiform nucleus and claustrum

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21
Q

Where is the amygdaloid nucleus located?

A

In the temporal lobe, close to the Uncus.

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22
Q

Relation of the amygdaloid to the lateral ventricle

A

Lies Anterosuperior to inferior horn of lateral ventricle

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23
Q

What Is the amygdaloid nucleus connected to?

A

Tail of caudate nucleus

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24
Q

Function of the Amygdaloid nucleus and what systems part. of?

A

Smell center
limbic system

25
Q

What is the claustrum medial to?

A

Insula

26
Q

Relation of the sub thalamus to the thalamus?

A

Located ventral to the thalamus

27
Q

The sub thalamus contains 3 nuclei, what are they and where are they located?

A

Zona incerta- dorsolaterally
prerubral field- dorsomedially
sub thalamic nucleus- ventral

28
Q

What is the largest nucleus in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

29
Q

What two parts make up the substantia nigra?And their location?

A

Compact part – dorsal
Reticular part - ventrally

30
Q

What are neurons in the pars compact filled with?

A

melanin

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantial nigra?

A

Dopamine

32
Q

Describe the different connections of the basal ganglia?

A

1.Input- from sources outside basal ganglia

2.Interconnections -between nuclear masses within the basal ganglia.

3.Output connections- from basal ganglia to other parts of the brain.

33
Q

What are the afferent fibres of the corpus striatum and what neurotransmitter do they release?

A

1.Corticostriate-Glutamate
2.Thalamostriate
3.Nigrostriate-dopamine
4.Brain stem Strial Fibers-Serotonin

34
Q

What part of the thalamus do the afferent fires come from?

A

intralaminar nucleus

35
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex produces most of the afferent fibres?

A

The sensory cortex

36
Q

Which two afferent fibres are inhibitory?

A

Nigrostriate Fibers
Brain stem Strial Fibers

37
Q

What are the efferent fibres of the corpus striatum?And their neurotransmitters.

A

1.Striatopallidal fibers-GABA
2.Straiatonigral fibers-GABA,Substance P

38
Q

What kind of neurons are found in the neostriatum?

A

Medium spiny neurons

39
Q

What is the putamen functionally related to and what do the two constitute.

A

caudate nucleus
Neostriatum

40
Q

other name for the globus pallidus

A

Pallidum or Paleostriatum

41
Q

What are the manifestations the lesions of the basal ganglia?

A

1.Involuntary movement during rest
2.change in muscle tone

42
Q

Causes and features of chorea?

A

lesion in the caudate nucleus
Involuntary,jerky,quick,irregular,non-repetitivepurposeless-movements

43
Q

Types of Chorea?

A

1.Sydenham(Rheumatic fever)
2.Huntington’s Chorea
3.chorea gravidarum
4.chorea of contraceptive pills

44
Q

Who is most likely to get Sydenham chorea?

A

Females

45
Q

Define Huntington’s disease?

A

It is an autosomal dominant disease that results in the degeneration of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.

46
Q

At what age does deterioration of the brain begin and when do people usually die?

A

1.Between 30 and 40 yers of age.
2.15-20 years after onset of degeneration

47
Q

Features of Huntington’s disease.

A

1.Twitching movements of the head.
2.Grimacing movements in the face, lips and tongue
3.Gesticulating movements in the distal parts of the upper limbs
4.Jerking movements in the distal parts of the lower limbs.

48
Q

Lesion in athetosis?

A

Lesion in the Putamen and Globus pallidus

49
Q

Features of Athetosis

A

: Involuntary, slow, sinuous, writhing movements involving distal part of limb (hand)

50
Q

Lesion in Hemiballsimus?

A

Lesion of the subthalamus

51
Q

Features in Hemiballsimus?

A

Sudden, involuntary, spasmodic movements that involves one limb or one side of the body (Limb suddenly flies about in all directions out of control

52
Q

Other names for Parkinsonism?

A

Paralysis Agitans/Parkinson’s disease.

53
Q

What causes Parkinsonism?

A

: Neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra leading to reduction of dopamine within corpus striatum.

54
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism?

A

Loss of nigrostriatal DA projection.

55
Q

Features of Parkinsonism ?

A

Tremors,Rigidity,akinesia,posture

56
Q

Describe the tremors?

A

Pill-rolling, involuntary, rhythmic, oscillating movements. It occurs during waking time during rest, it is called static tremors

57
Q

Describe the rigidity experienced in Parkinsonism.

A

It occurs in both flexors, and extensors, but more in flexors giving flexion attitude.
It is called lead pipe rigidity.

58
Q

Describe Akinesia experience in Parkinsonism.

A

it means lack of movement; Absence of swinging arm during walking, mask face, low- volume slow monotonous speech, and shuffling gait.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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