The back

Question 1

Structures in the back are mostly important for

Answer 1

Supporting and transmitting body weight
Movement
Protection of the spinal cord

Question 2

What are the two types of curvatures

Answer 2

Primary curvature and secondary curvature

Question 3

Primary curvature is

Answer 3

Present during foetal life and at birth
Forward concave
Maintained in thoracic and sacral regions arter birtg

Question 4

Secondary curvature is

Answer 4

Develops in the first 2 years
Associated with lifting of the head(cervical vertenrq)
and upright sitting(lumbar curvature)

Question 5

Scoliosis refers to

Answer 5

Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

Question 6

Look up

Answer 6

Kyperkyphosis and lordosis

Question 7

A typical vertebra has?

Answer 7

Body
Vertebral arch(2 pedicles and 2 laminae)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process 
Transverse process
Articular processes and facets

Question 8

Intervertebral disc consists of

Answer 8

Outer annulus fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposis

Question 9

Usefulness of nucleus pulposus

Answer 9

Allows for movement(buoyancy)

Useful for transmission of body weight

Question 10

What are they types of ligaments?

Answer 10

Anterior and posterior (attached to anterior and posterior surfaces of bodies)
Tectorial membrane (upper part of posterior longitudiligament between c1 and base of skull)
Ligamentum flavum (between adjacent laminae)
Supraspinoys ligament (connects tips of spinous processes from c7 to sacrum)
Ligamentum nuchal (triangular extension of supraspinous ligament between external occipital protuberance and c6
Interspinous (between spinous processes of vertebrae)

Question 11

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

Answer 11

(Involved in movement of the upper limb)
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhombus major and minor, levator levator scapulae.
Innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves except trapezius (spinal accessory nerve - 4th cranial nerve)

Question 12

Intermediate muscles?

Answer 12

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

Innervated by ventral rami

Question 13

Deep muscles?

Answer 13

3 broad groups
Extensors and totators of the head
Extensors and rotators of the vertebral column
Short segmental muscles

Question 14

What are the bony landmarks of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 14

Transverse process of atlas and spinous process of axis

Question 15

Contents of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 15

Suboccipital nerve(dorsal ramus of c1)
III part of vertebral artery
Sub occipital venous plexus

Question 16

Extensors and totators of head and neck

Answer 16

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Question 17

Extensors and totators of vertebral column

Answer 17

Erector spinae and transversospinales

Note that collective name for head and neck muscles is spinotransversales

Question 18

Short segmental muscles

Answer 18

Interspinales and intertrasversarii

Question 19

Boundaries of sub occipital triangle

Answer 19

Superior oblique
Rectus capitis posterior major
Inferior major

Question 20

Importsnt structures in sub occipital triangle

Answer 20

Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
III part of vertebral artery
Sub occipital venous plexus

Question 21

Epidural anaesthesia administered where

Answer 21

Extra dural space l