The back Flashcards
The acriomioclavicular joint consists of what two bones?
the clavicle (sternal end) and the scapular (acromion)
The coracoacromial ligament connects what two areas?
the coracoid of the scaplua and the neck of the humerus.
The glenohumeral joint consists of what two bones?
the humerus (head) and the scapula (glenoid cavity).
The first and second ribs are connected to the manibrium via what ligaments?
costal carilage.
The sternoclavicular joint is attached to the manubrium via what ligament?
the anterior sterno-clavicular ligament.
What are extrinsic muscles?
muscles that move the limbs. They are innervated by CN1 accessory nerve and branches of the brachial plexus (ventral rami)
What are intrinsic muscles?
muscles that support upright posture and allow movements of the column. They are involved in proprioception and innervated by dorsal rami.
Epaxial muscles are what type of muscle?
deep/intrinsic
Hypaxial muscles are what type of muscles?
superifical/extrinsic
Where can hypaxial muscles be found/
thoracic and abdominal wall, limbs
What do the superficial back muscles move?
shoulders and the upper extremities. (pectoral girdle)
What musles are in the superificial layer of the back?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
What muscles are in the second superificial layer of the back?
levator scapular, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor.
What do the posterior axioappendicular muscles do?
connect the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton. They attach the scapula and humerus to the axial skeleton, or the scapula to the humerus.
Where is the trapezius?
It extends from the base of the neck to the middle of the back.
Where is the latissimus dorsi?
It extends from the axillary region to the middle of the back to the gluteal region.
The accessory nerve innervates what muscle?
sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle.
What nerves of the brachial plexus are important for limb innervation?
the dorsal scapular and the thoracodorsal.
Where does the trapezius proximally attach?
external occipital protruberance of skull, nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7 - 12 verterae.
Where does the trapezius distally attach?
lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.
What are the actions of the trapezius muscle?
elevation, depression and retraction of the scapula; anterior rotation of the glenoid fossa.
What nerves are the trapezius innervated by?
motor: accessory nerve; sensory - ventral rami of C3 and C4
Where does the latissimus dorsi proximally attach?
spinours proceses of interior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 ribs.
Where does the latissimus dorsi distally attach?
bicipital groove of the humerus.
What are the actions of the latissmus dorsi?
extenstion, adduction and medial rotaion of the humeus; raises torso towards arms during climbing.
What neve is the latissmus dosri innervated by?
thoracodorsal nerve.
What are the deeper posterior axioappendicular muscles?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
Where does the rhomboid major attach proximally?
spinous processes of T2-T5
where does the rhomboid minor attach proximally?
nucla ligament, spinous processes of C7 & T1
Where does the rhomboid major attach distally?
medial border of the scapula
Where does the rhomboid minor attach distally?
medial end of scapular spine.
What are the actions of the rhomboid major and minor?
retract, elevate, and rotate the scapula downward, as well as fix it to the thoracic wall.
What nerve innervates the rhomboid major and minor?
dorsal scapular nerve.
Where does the levator scapulae attach proximally?
posteior tubercles of transverse processes of first 4 cervical vertebrae.
Where does the levator scapulae attach distally?
the medial border of the scaupla, superior part of scuaplar spine.
What are the actions of the levator scapulae?
elevates the scapula and tilts glenoid fossa interiorally by rotating scapula (downward rotation()
What is the levator scapula innervated by?
dorsal scapular nerve and ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves.
What three muscles move the scapula?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor
What muscles are in the third layer of the back?
serratus posteior superior and serratus posterior inferior
Where does the serratus posterior superior attach proximally?
nucal ligament, spinous processes of C7 - T3 vertebrae.
Where does the serratus posterior superior attach distally?
superior border of ribs 2-4.
What is the action of the serratus posteior superior?
elevation of the ribs.
What nerves innervate the serratus posterior superior?
T2 - T5 intercostal nerves (ventral rami).
Where does the serratus posteior inferior attach proximally?
T11 - L2 spinous processes of the vertebrae
Where does the serratus posterior inferior attach distally?
inferior borders of ribs 8 - 12, near their angles.
What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior?
depression of the ribs.
What nerves innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves (ventral rami)
What are the two major groups of epaxial back muscles?
erector spinae and transverospinalis.
What muscles are in the erector spinae group?
spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis
.What muscles are in the transverospinalis group?
rotatores, multifidus and semispinalis
The transverspinalis is found close to what?
the vertebrae
The splenius is what type of muscle?
intrinsic; it includes the splenius cervicis and capitis.
What is the origin of the splenius muscles?
the nuchal ligament and spinous processes of T1 - T6 vertebrae.
What are the insertions of the splenius cervicis?
tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae.
What is the insertion of the splenius capitis?
lateral parts of mastoid processes and superior nuchal line
What are the actions of the splenius?
extension of the head and neck (bilateral), and lateral flexion of the neck and rotation of the head to the side of contracting muscle.
What nerve is the splenius innervated by?
dorsal rami
the erector spinae group is what type of muscle?
intrinsic
What 3 muscles make up the erector spinae?
iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis
What are the actions of the erector spinae group?
extension of vertebral column and flexion of the vertebral column.
What nerve innervates the erector spinae?
dorsal rami
The iliocostalis is the ___ portion of the erector spinae group
lateral most
What is the origin of the iliocostalis cervicis?
iliac crest, sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments, scral and inferior umbar spinous processes, supraspinous ligament.
Where is the insertion of the iliocostalis?
ribs 6 - 12 (lumborum), ribs 1 - 6 (thoracis), ribs 1 - 6 (cervicis) and posteior tubercles of the transcverse processes of cervical vertebrae 4 - 6.
What is the origin of the longissimus thoracis?
same as iliocostalis; insertion is the ribs and adjacent transverse processes of throacic vertebrae.
What is the origin of the longissimus cervicis?
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae; insertion is the same.
what is the origin of the capitis?
transverse processes of cervical vertebare; insertionis the mastoid processes.
The spinalis consists of what regional areas?
thoracic, cervicis and capitis. The thoracis originate on spinous processes and insert on spinous processes superior to them.
The deep layer of muscles is the transversospinalis group. What three muscles make up this group?
semispinalis, rotatores and multifidus. They are innervated by the dorsal rami.
The cervicis inserts where?
cervical transverses processes to spinous processes of 2nd cervical vertebrae.
The capitis inserts where?
transverse processes of 1st - 6th thoracic vertebrae to nuchal line.
The thoracis inserts where?
transverse to spinous processes in thoracic region.
What is the action of the semispinalis?
extend head, thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally.
What does the multifidus do?
covers the lamina and spans vertebral segments from sacrum all the way to 2nd cervial vertebrae. They originate on the transvese processes and insert on the spinous process.
What is the action of the multifidus?
stabilizes verterae during localized movementso vertebral column.
The rotatores consists of what two segments?
brevis and longus.
The brevis rotatores is found where?
transverse process of one vertebrae to the spinous process of the next vertebrae (spans 1 intervertebral joint)
Where is the longus rotators found?
transverse process of one vertebrae to the spinous process of the next vertebrae above (spands 2 intervertebral joints.)
What is the action of the rotatores?
extend the head, thoracic and cervical regions; rotates them contralaterally.
The interspinales is innervated by what nerve?
dorsal rami
The intertransversari are innervated by what nerve?
dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves
the levator costarum is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal rami of C8 - T11 spinal nerves
The suboccipial region is covered by what muscles?
splenius and semispinalis
The suboccipital region includes what muscles?
recus capitis posterior major/minor; obliquus capitis superior/inferor.
What do the muscles in the suboccipital region do?
help with posterior and extension/rotation of the atlantoaxial joint.
The suboccipital muscles are innerved by what nerve?
suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)
The suboccipital region is supplied by what artery?
vertebral artery
The suboccipital nerve supplies what regions?
all triangle muscles; it is found at C1 and is between the skull and atlas.
The greater occipital nerve is found where?
doral ramus of C2 (between atlas and axis); it is ONLY sensor fibers.
The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane is continuous with what?
the ligamentum flava
