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Physiology Test 2 content > The ANS > Flashcards

The ANS Flashcards

1
Q

ANS

A

Involuntary/visceral

-Motor system that controls visceral organs through nerves to smooth muscles, heart, glands

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2
Q

Functions of the ANS

A

Homeostasis

  • metabolic, cardiopulmonary and visceral needs of the body
  • metabolic needs for exercise/exertion
  • Fight or flight
  • aids in reproduction
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3
Q

Branches of the ANS

A
  • PNS
  • SNS
  • ENS
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4
Q

Parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous systems

A

Serve the same visceral organs, but cause opposite effects

Not all organs are dually innervated, but the ones that are, the functional effect of stimulating each division is usually antagonistic

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5
Q

Generic Structure of ANS

A

CNS/Peripheral ganglion/Target cell

Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

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6
Q

Ganglion and neurons in the SNS

A

Ganglia adjacent to spinal cord

  • Cell bodies of neurons are in the spinal cord
  • Post ganglionic nerve fibers are much longer
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7
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

Exit the ganglionic chain via the gray rami, and travel to their target organs along blood vessels or bundled with other nerves
-Cell bodies in para/prevertebral ganglion

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8
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

Enter the ganglionic chain from the spinal cord via the white rami. Can synapse up to 10-20 post ganglionic neurons (diffuse pattern of innervation)

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9
Q

Sympathetic division- paravertebral ganglion

A
  • cervical ganglia
    1. superior
    2. middle
    3. inferior
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10
Q

sympathetic division-preverterbal ganglia

A
  1. celiac
  2. superior mesenteric
  3. Inferior mesenteric
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11
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Special section of SNS

  • Important in the stress response
  • Releases Epinephrine (90%) NE (10%)
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12
Q

Origin of postganglionic neurons

A
  • ganglionic chain

- peripheral sympathetic ganglia

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system structure

A

Longer Preganglionic fibers, ganglia are located in or very near target tissues

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14
Q

Cell bodies for preganglionic neurons in PNS are located where?

A

cranio-sacral

  • medulla, pons, midbrain
  • S2-S4 levels of spinal cord
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15
Q

The vagus nerve (X)

A

account for ~90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body

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16
Q

Parasympathetic cranial neurons exit the brain in what four cranial nerves

A

III (3), VII (7), IX(9), X(10)

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17
Q

Parasympathetic sacral outflow

A 
Pelvic/splanchnic nerves
synapse in the intramural ganglion in
-large intestines, 
-bladder,
-reproductive organs (s2, 3, 4 keeps the penis off the floor)
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18
Q

Visceral afferents

A

Provide feedback to ANS

  • baroreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • nociceptors
19
Q

Neurotransmitters of the somatic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine, acts on nicotinic receptors (N1)

20
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Acts on Nicotinic (N2) receptors in the ganglion
Acts on Muscarinic receptors at the effector organ

21
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitters

A

In ganglion Ach- nicotinic receptors (N2)

At effector organ- NE, E-adrenergic receptors (alpha, beta)

22
Q

Role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Response to stress/threat

-promotes physiologic adjustments to exercise

23
Q

Role of the parasympathetic Nervous system

A
  • more active in non-stress situations/rest
  • Concerned with keeping the bodies energy consumption as low as possible.
  • Directs processes such as digestion and elimination
  • directs the enteric nervous system
24
Q

Where are cell bodies of visceral afferents located?

A

dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia

25
Q

VSM contraction by alpha adrenergic receptors

A

NE–>Calcium released from SR, activates Calmodulin which activates MLCK which leads to muscle contraction

26
Q

VSM relaxation by beta adrenergic receptors

A

Epi stim beta receptors–> calcium channels close–> cAMP activates PKA which phosphorylates MLCK inactivating it, leading to muscle relaxation

27
Q

Antagonist to alpha 1 receptor

A

Prazosin- treats high blood pressure by blocking VSM contraction by stimulation of alpha receptors.

28
Q

Beta 1- antagonist

A

-olol

29
Q

Muscarinic receptor antagonist

A

Atropine

30
Q

Advantage of basal tone in the ANS

A

provides the advantage of raising or lowering dominant tone, rather than invoking an antagonistic system.

31
Q

Function of the Myenteric plexus in the ENS

A

Regulates motility

32
Q

Function of the submucosal plexus in the ENS?

A

Coordinates secretions

33
Q

ENS can self-regulate but is coordinated by what branch of the ANS?

A

PNS

34
Q

Parasympathetic reflexes control

A

Salivation, swallowing, pupil diameter, accommodation, respiration

35
Q

Brainstem center controls

A

heart rate, BP, respiration

36
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus

A 
Temperature
Blood volume/Water balance 
Feeding
BP/HR
Reproduction 
Response to stress
37
Q

What part of the brain is the main integration center of the ANS?

A

The hypothalamus

38
Q

Is the hear dually innervated by the SNS/PNS and if so, by what receptors?

A

Yes, the heart is dually innervated
SNS- Beta-1
Parasympathetic-Muscarinic
-Atropine antagonizes muscarinic receptors, hence why we give it in symptomatic bradycardias.

39
Q

Blood vessels are primary innervated by which system (PNS or SNS)

A

The SNS (except the genitalia)

40
Q

What receptors cause contraction/relaxation of blood vessels

A

Contraction- Alpha 1

Relaxation- Beta 2

41
Q

Net effect of epinephrine in the heart

A

increased conduction velocity and contractility

-Beta 1 receptors

42
Q

Net effect of epinephrine on blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

-Beta 2 receptors predominate over alpha receptors

43
Q

ENS receptors

A

peptinergic

Physiology Test 2 content (9 decks)

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