The ankle and Foot complex

Question 1

rearfoot

Answer 1

talus and calcaneus

Question 2

midfoot

Answer 2

cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular

Question 3

forefoot

Answer 3

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 4

supination NWB terminology

Answer 4

calcaneal inversion
calcaneal adduction
calcaneal plantarflexion

Question 5

supination WB terminology

Answer 5

calcaneal inversion
talar abduction
talar dorsiflexion

Question 6

pronation NWB terminology

Answer 6

calcaneal eversion
calcaneal abduction
calcaneal dorsiflexion

Question 7

pronation WB terminology

Answer 7

calcaneal eversion
talar adduction
talar plantarflexion

Question 8

how much weight does the fibula accomodate for ?

Answer 8

10%

Question 9

Deltoid ligament

Answer 9

fan shaped

controls eversion or over pronation

Question 10

plantar calcaneonavilcuar ligament (spring ligament)

Answer 10

thic wide band that supports medial longitudinal arch

failure of spring ligament leads to flat foot deformity

Question 11

lateral collateral ligaments

Answer 11

anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments and the calcaneofibular ligament

controls inversion or supination

weaker and is susceptible to injury

Question 12

hallux

Answer 12

has two sesamoid bones on plantar aspect of metatarsal head

they act as a pulley for flexor hallucis brevis muscle

Question 13

longitudal arches

Answer 13

anchored posterioly at the calcaneous and anteriorly at the metatarsal heads

Question 14

transverse arch

Answer 14

forefoot: distal metatarsal heads

midfoot: the middle cuneiform bone forms the keystone of the arch

Question 15

what are the roles of the arches?

Answer 15

mobility :
dampen impact of WB
dampen rotational motions
adapt tochange of surface

stability:
distribution of weight through the foot for proper WB

converison of flexible foot to a rigid lever

Question 16

plantar aponeurosis

Answer 16

“plantar fascia”

accomodates for 96 % of BW

stretches 9 to 12 percent during stance phase of gait

Question 17

plantar aponeruosis function

Answer 17

forms a triangle to bear compression forces

tie rod( aponeruosis) is subjected to tension forces

Question 18

windlass mechansim

Answer 18

where calcaneous and MTP joint are drawn together as the tie rod is shortened

supination of foot

converts the foot into a rigid lever for effective push off

Question 19

pes planus

Answer 19

loss of medial arch, heel valgus deformity, medial talar prominence

Question 20

pes cavus

Answer 20

an abnormally high plantar arch

Question 21

talocrural joint

Answer 21

1 DOF

convex talus
concave distal tibia and fibula

dorsiflexion: talus rolls anterior, slides posterior

plantar flexion: talus rolls posterior, slides anteriorly

In a closed chain this become concave on convex

Question 22

subtalar joint

Answer 22

inversion: medial roll and lateral slide
eversion: lateral roll and medial slide

Question 23

muscles in the posterior compartment

Answer 23

plantar flexors

Question 24

muscles in the lateral compartment

Answer 24

pronators (evertors) at subtalar joint

Question 25

muscles in the anterior compartment

Answer 25

dorsiflexors

Question 26

plantar flexion torque

Answer 26

very end stance of gait, gastroc provides pulposion force and knee extension during late phases of gait

helps control anterior translation of the tibia

Question 27

intrinisic muscles of the foot

Answer 27

stabilze the toes and dynamic supporters of the transverse and longitudal arches during gait

Question 28

hallux valgus

Answer 28

“bunion”

excessive bone growth at the head of the first metatarsal

due to abnormal pressures of the malaligament

Question 29

hammer toe

Answer 29

hyperextension at the MTP joint and flexion at the IP joint

Question 30

diabetic neuropathy

Answer 30

peripheral nerve damage leading to loss of sensation and motor function of the LE

Question 31

What is the capsular pattern of the ankle?

Answer 31

plantar flexion more limited than dorsiflexion