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Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Kinesiology

A

the study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences

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2
Q

Define Kinematics

A

a branch of mechanics that describes the motion of the body without regard to the forces that cause it

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3
Q

What are biomechanics?

A

discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitively study how forces interact within a living body

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4
Q

What are the types of joints?
Give examples of each

A

synovial - knee joint
cartilaginous -pubic symphsis
discs
fibrous- sutures

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5
Q

Wolffs Law

A

use it or lose it

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6
Q

How do bones develop?

A

Intramembranous ossification: bones are brought about by the action of speciallized bone cells occurs from mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

What are the secondary ossification centers?

A

Epiphyses, metaphysis, epihyseal plates

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8
Q

Synarthrotic

A

immovable

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9
Q

ampiarthrotic

A

slightly moveable

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9
Q

diarthrotic

A

freely moveable

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9
Q

What is the primary function of bone?

A

support for the body and vital cavities, protection for vital structures, mechanical basis for movement and leverage,storage of salts, continous supply of blood cells

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10
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

clear movements of bones which are visible
from the outside

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11
Q

Define kinetics

A

branch of study if mechanics that describes the effects of the forces applied to the body

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12
Q

Type 1 lever

A

fulcrum is in the middle

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13
Q

Type 2 lever

A

load being in the middle

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14
Q

Type 3 Lever

A

fulcrum is on the end with the load also being on the distal end

effort in middle
(bicep curl)

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15
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder joint have ?

A

3 DOF

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16
Q

how many degrees of freedom does the wrist have?

A

3 DOF

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17
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?

A

2 DOF

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18
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the hip have?

A

3 DOF

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19
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the elbow have ?

A

2 DOF

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20
Q

What is newtons laws?

A

law 1 - object in motion will stay (inerthia)
law 2 acceleration is directly proportional to force
law 3- equal but opposite forces

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21
Q

What is a type 1 ruffini receptor?

A

located in superficial fibrous joint capsule

provides feedback on static joint postition and joint acceleration

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22
Q

what is a type 2 pacini receptor?

A

located in deep joint capsule

provides feeback on joint acceleration

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23
Q

What is a type 3 golgi like receptor?

A

ligaments

activated at the extremes of joint motion

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24
Q

what is a type 4 free nerve ending ?

A

fine nerve endings -located in capsular ligaments and fat pads, and connective tissue

signals noxious, chemical, mechanical, and inflammatory stimuli

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25
Q

Fusiform muscle

A

spindle like ex. biceps

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26
Q

Unipennate muscle

A

fibers are on one side of the tendon ex. extensor digitorum longus

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27
Q

Bipennate muscle

A

has fibers on both sides of the tendon ex. rectus femoris and vastus intermedialis

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28
Q

Multi pennate muscles

A

Multiple rows of tendons and fibers ex deltoid

29
Q

What happens in the toe region ?

A

When a load is first felt, the muscle will also lengthen very fast

30
Q

what happens in the elastic region?

A

structure will return to its previous condition

31
Q

what happens in yield point?

A

point where material will no longer return to previous condition?

32
Q

what happens in the plastic region?

A

joint mobilization / change occurs

33
Q

What happens in ultimate failure ?

A

muscle tear

34
Q

What are the facets of the articular orientation for the vertabrae?

A

Lower cervical segments - 45 deg planes
thoracic segment- 60 deg horizitonal
lumbar segment - nearly vertical

35
Q

What are the primary muscle movers in the back?

A

lats , traps, rhomboid , erector spinae

36
Q

What are the prime muscle stabilizers in the lower back?

A

multifidus, abdominal muscles

37
Q

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for flexion?

A

superior and anterior

38
Q

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for Extension?

A

inferior and posterior

39
Q

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for lateral flexion/extension?

A

same side flexion slides inferior and posterior

the opposite side slides superior and anterior

40
Q

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and Lumbar segment for rotation?

A

on same side they go posterior and inferior

on opposite side they go anterior and superior

41
Q

What is Fryettes laws ?

A

Law 1: thorarcic/Lumbar- when spine is in neutral = motion goes to the opposite side
Law 2: thorarcic/lumbar :when spine is flexed or extended=motion goes to the same side
Law 3: motion reduced in one segment will reduce motion in all other segments

42
Q

What are the four types of primary tissues found in the body ?

A

connective tissue
muscle
nerve
epithelium

43
Q

What is connectie tissue comprised of ?

A

Fibrous proteins
ground substance
cells

44
Q

Static vs Dynamic equilibrium

A

static things are at rest

dynakic things are not at rest or even

45
Q

What is type 1 muscle fibers

A

slow

46
Q

what is type 2A msucle fibers

A

intermediate fastw

47
Q

what is type 2B muscle fibers

A

fast fast

48
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds Individual muscle fibers

49
Q

Perimysium

A

covers groups of muscle fibers

50
Q

Epimysisum

A

covers the endomysium and perimysium

51
Q

What is a synergist?

A

muscles that help the agonist

52
Q

What are the effects of immobilization?

A

atrophy
decreased strength
40% loss of strength after 10 days
the muscle transitions to type 2 muscle fibers ( we use type 1 )

53
Q

What happens with the myofilaments in a concentric contractions?

A

thin myofilametns are pulled toward thick myofilaments

54
Q

What happens with the myofilaments in a eccentric contractions?

A

thin myofilaments are pulled away from the thick myofilaments

55
Q

What are the components of a contractile ?

A

generate tension from chemical, electrical, or mechanical signals

56
Q

what are the components of a non contractile?

A

generate tension passively

57
Q

What is the effects on the VC during a stoop lift?

A

spinal extensor muscles are at a disadvantage in the fully flexed position

intradiscal pressures are higher in a stooped position

58
Q

What is Nutation?

A

sacral flexion (tips anteriorly)

59
Q

What is counternation?

A

sacral extension ( tips posteriorly)

60
Q

What is a primary determinant of direction at any segment of the spine?

A

intervertebral disc space and orientation of facet joints

61
Q

What motion in the back will decrease symptoms?

A

flexion

62
Q

orientation of the unconvertebra joints limits what the most?

A

lateral flexion

63
Q

What is the gold standard for identifying scoliosis via x ray

A

cobb angle

64
Q

What is the benefit to irregular confirguation of contractile tissue?

A

allows for resistance against multi directional stress

65
Q

What happens if a ligament is big?

A

increased strenght before failure

66
Q

what happens to the intervertebral foramen during extension

A

it becomes smaller

67
Q

what are the strongest ligaments of the body?

A

the sacroiliac ligaments

68
Q

What is the function of periosteum?

A

allows bones to connect with ligaments and tendons

69
Q

what is found in the medullary canal?

A

bone marrow

70
Q

what motion is most limited in the lumbar spine

A

side bending

71
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

72
Q

what bone has dens ?

A

axis

Kinesiology (11 decks)

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