Exam 1 Flashcards by Collin Laneiro

Define Kinesiology

the study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences

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Define Kinematics

a branch of mechanics that describes the motion of the body without regard to the forces that cause it

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What are biomechanics?

discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitively study how forces interact within a living body

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What are the types of joints?
Give examples of each

synovial - knee joint
cartilaginous -pubic symphsis
discs
fibrous- sutures

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Wolffs Law

use it or lose it

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How do bones develop?

Intramembranous ossification: bones are brought about by the action of speciallized bone cells occurs from mesenchymal cells

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What are the secondary ossification centers?

Epiphyses, metaphysis, epihyseal plates

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Synarthrotic

immovable

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ampiarthrotic

slightly moveable

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diarthrotic

freely moveable

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What is the primary function of bone?

support for the body and vital cavities, protection for vital structures, mechanical basis for movement and leverage,storage of salts, continous supply of blood cells

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What is osteokinematics?

clear movements of bones which are visible
from the outside

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Define kinetics

branch of study if mechanics that describes the effects of the forces applied to the body

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Type 1 lever

fulcrum is in the middle

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Type 2 lever

load being in the middle

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Type 3 Lever

fulcrum is on the end with the load also being on the distal end

effort in middle
(bicep curl)

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How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder joint have ?

3 DOF

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how many degrees of freedom does the wrist have?

3 DOF

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How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?

2 DOF

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How many degrees of freedom does the hip have?

3 DOF

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How many degrees of freedom does the elbow have ?

2 DOF

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What is newtons laws?

law 1 - object in motion will stay (inerthia)
law 2 acceleration is directly proportional to force
law 3- equal but opposite forces

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What is a type 1 ruffini receptor?

located in superficial fibrous joint capsule

provides feedback on static joint postition and joint acceleration

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what is a type 2 pacini receptor?

located in deep joint capsule

provides feeback on joint acceleration

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What is a type 3 golgi like receptor?

ligaments activated at the extremes of joint motion

what is a type 4 free nerve ending ?

fine nerve endings -located in capsular ligaments and fat pads, and connective tissue signals noxious, chemical, mechanical, and inflammatory stimuli

Fusiform muscle

spindle like ex. biceps

Unipennate muscle

fibers are on one side of the tendon ex. extensor digitorum longus

Bipennate muscle

has fibers on both sides of the tendon ex. rectus femoris and vastus intermedialis

Multi pennate muscles

Multiple rows of tendons and fibers ex deltoid

What happens in the toe region ?

When a load is first felt, the muscle will also lengthen very fast

what happens in the elastic region?

structure will return to its previous condition

what happens in yield point?

point where material will no longer return to previous condition?

what happens in the plastic region?

joint mobilization / change occurs

What happens in ultimate failure ?

muscle tear

What are the facets of the articular orientation for the vertabrae?

Lower cervical segments - 45 deg planes thoracic segment- 60 deg horizitonal lumbar segment - nearly vertical

What are the primary muscle movers in the back?

lats , traps, rhomboid , erector spinae

What are the prime muscle stabilizers in the lower back?

multifidus, abdominal muscles

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for flexion?

superior and anterior

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for Extension?

inferior and posterior

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for lateral flexion/extension?

same side flexion slides inferior and posterior the opposite side slides superior and anterior

How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and Lumbar segment for rotation?

on same side they go posterior and inferior on opposite side they go anterior and superior

What is Fryettes laws ?

Law 1: thorarcic/Lumbar- when spine is in neutral = motion goes to the opposite side Law 2: thorarcic/lumbar :when spine is flexed or extended=motion goes to the same side Law 3: motion reduced in one segment will reduce motion in all other segments

What are the four types of primary tissues found in the body ?

connective tissue muscle nerve epithelium

What is connectie tissue comprised of ?

Fibrous proteins ground substance cells

Static vs Dynamic equilibrium

static things are at rest dynakic things are not at rest or even

What is type 1 muscle fibers

slow

what is type 2A msucle fibers

intermediate fastw

what is type 2B muscle fibers

fast fast

Endomysium

surrounds Individual muscle fibers

Perimysium

covers groups of muscle fibers

Epimysisum

covers the endomysium and perimysium

What is a synergist?

muscles that help the agonist

What are the effects of immobilization?

atrophy decreased strength 40% loss of strength after 10 days the muscle transitions to type 2 muscle fibers ( we use type 1 )

What happens with the myofilaments in a concentric contractions?

thin myofilametns are pulled toward thick myofilaments

What happens with the myofilaments in a eccentric contractions?

thin myofilaments are pulled away from the thick myofilaments

What are the components of a contractile ?

generate tension from chemical, electrical, or mechanical signals

what are the components of a non contractile?

generate tension passively

What is the effects on the VC during a stoop lift?

spinal extensor muscles are at a disadvantage in the fully flexed position intradiscal pressures are higher in a stooped position

What is Nutation?

sacral flexion (tips anteriorly)

What is counternation?

sacral extension ( tips posteriorly)

What is a primary determinant of direction at any segment of the spine?

intervertebral disc space and orientation of facet joints

What motion in the back will decrease symptoms?

flexion

orientation of the unconvertebra joints limits what the most?

lateral flexion

What is the gold standard for identifying scoliosis via x ray

cobb angle

What is the benefit to irregular confirguation of contractile tissue?

allows for resistance against multi directional stress

What happens if a ligament is big?

increased strenght before failure

what happens to the intervertebral foramen during extension

it becomes smaller

what are the strongest ligaments of the body?

the sacroiliac ligaments

What is the function of periosteum?

allows bones to connect with ligaments and tendons

what is found in the medullary canal?

bone marrow

what motion is most limited in the lumbar spine

side bending

How many bones are in the human body?

206

what bone has dens ?

axis