Exam 1 Flashcards
Define Kinesiology
the study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences
Define Kinematics
a branch of mechanics that describes the motion of the body without regard to the forces that cause it
What are biomechanics?
discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitively study how forces interact within a living body
What are the types of joints?
Give examples of each
synovial - knee joint
cartilaginous -pubic symphsis
discs
fibrous- sutures
Wolffs Law
use it or lose it
How do bones develop?
Intramembranous ossification: bones are brought about by the action of speciallized bone cells occurs from mesenchymal cells
What are the secondary ossification centers?
Epiphyses, metaphysis, epihyseal plates
Synarthrotic
immovable
ampiarthrotic
slightly moveable
diarthrotic
freely moveable
What is the primary function of bone?
support for the body and vital cavities, protection for vital structures, mechanical basis for movement and leverage,storage of salts, continous supply of blood cells
What is osteokinematics?
clear movements of bones which are visible
from the outside
Define kinetics
branch of study if mechanics that describes the effects of the forces applied to the body
Type 1 lever
fulcrum is in the middle
Type 2 lever
load being in the middle
Type 3 Lever
fulcrum is on the end with the load also being on the distal end
effort in middle
(bicep curl)
How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder joint have ?
3 DOF
how many degrees of freedom does the wrist have?
3 DOF
How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?
2 DOF
How many degrees of freedom does the hip have?
3 DOF
How many degrees of freedom does the elbow have ?
2 DOF
What is newtons laws?
law 1 - object in motion will stay (inerthia)
law 2 acceleration is directly proportional to force
law 3- equal but opposite forces
What is a type 1 ruffini receptor?
located in superficial fibrous joint capsule
provides feedback on static joint postition and joint acceleration
what is a type 2 pacini receptor?
located in deep joint capsule
provides feeback on joint acceleration
What is a type 3 golgi like receptor?
ligaments
activated at the extremes of joint motion
what is a type 4 free nerve ending ?
fine nerve endings -located in capsular ligaments and fat pads, and connective tissue
signals noxious, chemical, mechanical, and inflammatory stimuli
Fusiform muscle
spindle like ex. biceps
Unipennate muscle
fibers are on one side of the tendon ex. extensor digitorum longus
Bipennate muscle
has fibers on both sides of the tendon ex. rectus femoris and vastus intermedialis
Multi pennate muscles
Multiple rows of tendons and fibers ex deltoid
What happens in the toe region ?
When a load is first felt, the muscle will also lengthen very fast
what happens in the elastic region?
structure will return to its previous condition
what happens in yield point?
point where material will no longer return to previous condition?
what happens in the plastic region?
joint mobilization / change occurs
What happens in ultimate failure ?
muscle tear
What are the facets of the articular orientation for the vertabrae?
Lower cervical segments - 45 deg planes
thoracic segment- 60 deg horizitonal
lumbar segment - nearly vertical
What are the primary muscle movers in the back?
lats , traps, rhomboid , erector spinae
What are the prime muscle stabilizers in the lower back?
multifidus, abdominal muscles
How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for flexion?
superior and anterior
How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for Extension?
inferior and posterior
How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and lumbar segment for lateral flexion/extension?
same side flexion slides inferior and posterior
the opposite side slides superior and anterior
How does the facets artciulate in the cervical and Lumbar segment for rotation?
on same side they go posterior and inferior
on opposite side they go anterior and superior
What is Fryettes laws ?
Law 1: thorarcic/Lumbar- when spine is in neutral = motion goes to the opposite side
Law 2: thorarcic/lumbar :when spine is flexed or extended=motion goes to the same side
Law 3: motion reduced in one segment will reduce motion in all other segments
What are the four types of primary tissues found in the body ?
connective tissue
muscle
nerve
epithelium
What is connectie tissue comprised of ?
Fibrous proteins
ground substance
cells
Static vs Dynamic equilibrium
static things are at rest
dynakic things are not at rest or even
What is type 1 muscle fibers
slow
what is type 2A msucle fibers
intermediate fastw
what is type 2B muscle fibers
fast fast
Endomysium
surrounds Individual muscle fibers
Perimysium
covers groups of muscle fibers
Epimysisum
covers the endomysium and perimysium
What is a synergist?
muscles that help the agonist
What are the effects of immobilization?
atrophy
decreased strength
40% loss of strength after 10 days
the muscle transitions to type 2 muscle fibers ( we use type 1 )
What happens with the myofilaments in a concentric contractions?
thin myofilametns are pulled toward thick myofilaments
What happens with the myofilaments in a eccentric contractions?
thin myofilaments are pulled away from the thick myofilaments
What are the components of a contractile ?
generate tension from chemical, electrical, or mechanical signals
what are the components of a non contractile?
generate tension passively
What is the effects on the VC during a stoop lift?
spinal extensor muscles are at a disadvantage in the fully flexed position
intradiscal pressures are higher in a stooped position
What is Nutation?
sacral flexion (tips anteriorly)
What is counternation?
sacral extension ( tips posteriorly)
What is a primary determinant of direction at any segment of the spine?
intervertebral disc space and orientation of facet joints
What motion in the back will decrease symptoms?
flexion
orientation of the unconvertebra joints limits what the most?
lateral flexion
What is the gold standard for identifying scoliosis via x ray
cobb angle
What is the benefit to irregular confirguation of contractile tissue?
allows for resistance against multi directional stress
What happens if a ligament is big?
increased strenght before failure
what happens to the intervertebral foramen during extension
it becomes smaller
what are the strongest ligaments of the body?
the sacroiliac ligaments
What is the function of periosteum?
allows bones to connect with ligaments and tendons
what is found in the medullary canal?
bone marrow
what motion is most limited in the lumbar spine
side bending
How many bones are in the human body?
206
what bone has dens ?
axis