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History A2 Ireland > The Anglo-Irish War 1919-'21 > Flashcards

The Anglo-Irish War 1919-'21 Flashcards

1
Q

In 1919, Britain was dealing with a “crisis of empire” with unrest in — and —-

A

India and Egypt

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2
Q

In the Dec 1918 GE, what % of the population of Ireland voted for SF

A

46.9%

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3
Q

Why was US President Harold Wilson reluctant. to give an audience to Irish representatives at the Irish Peace Conference

A

He considered Ireland to be a British problem

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4
Q

When did Richard Mulcahy become Chief of Staff of GHQ

A

March 1918

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5
Q

When was the Volunteer Convention

A

October 1917

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6
Q

Who became president of the Volunteers

A

De Valera

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7
Q

How many members on the Executive of the Volunteers won seats in the election

A

11 out of 20

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8
Q

Who became Director of Organisation of the Volunteers

A

Michael Collins

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9
Q

Thru’out 1917-‘18, certain districts were proclaimed as ‘Special Military Areas’ under what act

A

Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)

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10
Q

When and where were two RIC constables, who were carrying gelignite to a local quarry, shot dead by the Third Tipperary Brigade in the opening shots of the war

A

Soloheadbeg, Co. Tipperary
21 Jan 1919

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11
Q

When and where did Volunteer GHQ release a statement of policy on clashes with the RIC

A

23 January 1919
The Volunteer Journal

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12
Q

What did Volunteer GHQ’s statement of policy in the Volunteer Journal say (3 things)

A
  1. Volunteers are the legitimate army of the republic
  2. ‘state of war’ now existed between England and Ireland
  3. ‘Every volunteer is entitled, morally and legally…to use all legitimate methods of warfare against the soldiers and policemen of the English usurper, and to slay them if necessary.’
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13
Q

In —- the Daíl Eireann revived the old ——- tactic and passed a resolution calling on the Irish people to boycott the RIC

A

April 1919
Land League tactic

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14
Q

When and where was District Inspector Hunt assassinated

A

23 June 1919
Thurles

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15
Q

How was District Inspector Hunt killed

A
  • crowded street in broad daylight
  • public outcry and Church condemnation
  • assailant never captured
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16
Q

In county Clare, how many troops scattered all over the county by the end of August 1919

A

7000

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17
Q

What happened on 7 Sep 1919 in Fermoy County Cork

A

Volunteers, led by Lynch, staged an assault on Shropshire Light Infantry to seize weapons, shooting a soldier in the process.
At the inquest, the jury refused to bring a verdict of murder, stating death was accidental.
That night, infuriated soldiers attacked property in Fermoy, particularly those belonging to members of the jury

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18
Q

When and where did the Volunteers fail to assassinate Viceroy Lord French

A

19 December 1919
Ashton County Dublin

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19
Q

After the attempted assassination of Viceroy Lord French, what did French do

A

issued orders for mass arrest of all known volunteer leaders and deportation of those who could not be legally convicted.
Only 57 arrested in total.

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20
Q

Collins formed an elite assassination unit called what

A

The ‘Squad’

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21
Q

Who was Collins’ elite assassination unit’s first victim

A

Detective sergeant Harry Smith

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22
Q

When did the ‘Squad’ kill their first victim

A

30 July 1919

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23
Q

In the first 6 months of the war, how many barracks were vacated and subsequently then destroyed by the Volunteers

A

400

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24
Q

How many policemen were killed during 1919

A

18

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25
Q

Throughout 1919, Lloyd George refused to recognise that there was a war in Ireland, referring to it as what

A

the ‘Troubles’

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26
Q

When did the British coalition partners finally agree on the formation of a cabinet committee to discuss the Irish question and recommend the details of a new policy

A

October 1919

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27
Q

When was the Daíl Eireann established

A

21 Jan 1919

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28
Q

When the Daíl Eireann was established by Sinn Fein, how many elected members were present and how many absent

A

27 present
34 in prison (incl DeV and Griffith)

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29
Q

The executive of the Daíl Eireann consisted of a PM and 4 other ministers. Collins was the minister of —

A

Finance

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30
Q

Cathal Brugha was a minister in the Daíl Eireann for —

A

Defence

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31
Q

Griffith was a minister in the Daíl Eireann for —–

A

Home Affairs

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32
Q

Plunkett was a minister in the Daíl Eireann for —–

A

Foreign Affairs

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33
Q

Sinn Fein had gained control of how many county councils by June 1920

A

29 out of 33

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34
Q

How much funding for the Daíl Eireann was gathered from Ireland and America through bonds

A

£500 000

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35
Q

Who was selected in the Daíl’s opening session to go to the Paris Peace Conference (3)

A

De Valera, Griffith and Plunkett

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36
Q

Who was chosen to act as Irish envoy in Paris as two of those selected by Daíl to go were in prison

A

O’Kelly (Speaker)

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37
Q

When did De Valera escape Lincoln Jail

A

3 Feb 1919

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38
Q

When did De Valera leave to campaign in the USA

A

June 1919

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39
Q

When did De Valera return from his trip to the USA

A

Christmas 1920

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40
Q

When did the authorities ban all Daíl meetings, declaring it a ‘dangerous association

A

September 1919

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41
Q

When did authorities ban SF, the Volunteers and the Gaelic League

A

July 1919

42
Q

When did Brugha move to clarify the relationship between the Daíl and Volunteers by insisting that every Volunteer swear an oath of allegiance to the Daíl

A

August 1919

43
Q

Why was Brugha jealous of Collins

A

Collins emerged as the dominant personality in the revolutionary struggle, as he had a dual role between Dail cabinet minister of finance and member of Volunteer GHQ

44
Q

Who was then Chief of Staff of the Volunteers

A

Richard Mulcahy

45
Q

In 1920, how many Black and Tans were sent from England

A

7000

46
Q

Who were the Black and Tans

A

ex-soldiers with no police experience, sent in to act as police reinforcements

47
Q

The actions of the RIC in Thurles was condemned by who

A

Lord Mayor Tomas MacCurtain

48
Q

Who was Lord Mayor Tomas MacCurtain

A

Commandant of Cork Brigade

49
Q

When was Lord Mayor Tomas MacCurtain shot by the RIC

A

20 March 1920

50
Q

In Balbriggan, county Dublin, Sep 1920, a policeman was shot in town. What happened as a reprisal that evening.

A

Lorryloads of Tans swept into the town, They terrorised locals, burnt shops and homes and killed two civilians

51
Q

When and where did the police, angered by a shooting of a distrct inspector in the county, damage property there and then kill one man

A

End August 1920, Limerick

52
Q

What happened in Limerick late April 1920

A

Tans terrorised the city following a drinking spree, firing shots and assaulting citizens.
Later that mt, crowd of people in Co. Clare were gathered around a bonfire celebrating the release of SF prisoners when a joint police and military patrol arrived and began firing shots into the crowd, wounding 9 and killing 3

53
Q

Who (not a historian) said that “It is not those who inflict the most but those who suffer the most who will triumph.”

A

Terence MacSwiney

54
Q

Who was Terence MacSwiney

A

Lord Mayor of Cork and IRA Commandant

55
Q

How many days was MacSwiney on hunger strike for

A

74 days

56
Q

Where was MacSwiney arrested

A

Cork City Hall

57
Q

What did the London Times say about MacSwiney’s death

A

“If he dies, his name will be with Emmet and Tone in Irish history.”

58
Q

What happened the day after Terence MacSwiney’s funeral

A

Kevin Barry, an 18yo medical student, was hanged in Mountjoy prison for being a part of a group that had ambushed and killed some British soldiers, although there was no proof that he had fired a fatal shot

59
Q

When was ‘Bloody Sunday’, the most infamous outrage of the war

A

21 Nov 1920

60
Q

What happened on Bloody Sunday

A

Collins was responsible for the deaths of 11 British agents. That afternoon, a group of auxiliaries took revenge at Croke Park by killing 12, including Tipperary footballer Michael Hogan, and injuring 60

61
Q

Other than Blood Sunday, what other atrocity occurred in the November of 1920

A

17 auxiliaries were killed in an ambush at Kilmichael in County Cork. In reprisal the Auxiliaries burned down the centre of Cork a few nights later

62
Q

Which historian said that “the militarisation of the police in 1920 poured petrol into a flickering flame and guaranteed popular support of the IRA”

A

Rees

63
Q

Who was in charge of the Army in Ireland (not IRA)

A

General MacCready (General Officer Commanding)

64
Q

Who was in charge of the police in Ireland, including the Black and Tans and the Auxiliaries

A

Major-General Tudor

65
Q

Tudor, with the connivance of who, allowed “unauthorised” reprisals to continue

A

Lloyd George

66
Q

What theory of events in Ireland did Tudor subscribe to

A

Lloyd George’s ‘murder gang’ theory, the trouble was caused by a small criminal element so it was best to use the police, not the army, to deal with them

67
Q

What theory of events in Ireland did MacCready subscribe to

A

the ‘Volunteer War’ theory where there was a coordinated military campaign with popular public support, which required proper military support from the British

68
Q

When did the IRA develop ‘flying columns’

A

summer 1920

69
Q

What were the IRA’s ‘flying columns’

A

groups of about 30 guerrilla fighters who moved around country they were familiar with carrying out ambushes

70
Q

Who introduced the ‘Restoration of Order in Ireland Act’

A

Irish Secretary Greenwood

71
Q

What was the ‘Restoration of Order in Ireland Act’

A

allowed most law cases to be tried by courts martial thus getting around the difficulty of finding a jury

72
Q

Who were Sinn Fein’s Local government minister and deputy who were hard to develop a separate but parallel system of local government administration to the British

A

Cosgrave and deputy Kevin O’Higgins

73
Q

When did the IRA form their own police force

A

June 1920

74
Q

What did the IRA’s police force deal with

A

crime and illegal whiskey distilleries

75
Q

What newspaper was successful in putting the Westminster government under pressure to justify its Irish policy

A

The Irish Bulletin

76
Q

When De Valera returned from America, he favoured a switch in strategy to a small number of more spectacular raids which would have greater propaganda value. Give an example

A

the burning of Customs House in Dublin May 1921

77
Q

The burning of Customs house led to –IRA dead, –wounded and — captured

A

6 IRA dead, 12 wounded and 70 captured

78
Q

Which 2 people were infuriated by De Valera’s favour of a switch to more spectacular raids

A

Collins and Mulcahy

79
Q

By the beginning of 1921, most of the — and —– were under martial law, putting pressure on the IRA

A

South and West

80
Q

Coercion intensified as MacCready warned that what would happen to anyone found with arms and explosives

A

death penalty

81
Q

Official reprisals occurred at the rate of one per day in 1921, and the IRA retaliated by doing what

A

burning two unionist houses for every house the crown forces destroyed

82
Q

Street ambushes on soldiers and policemen in —— averaged one per day in the first 6 months of the year

A

Dublin

83
Q

When did Lloyd George state that he had “murder by the throat” and that by meeting “terror with terror” the IRA would be quickly overcome

A

November 1920

84
Q

It was decided by the British govt that martial law would be extended to all 26 counties when

A

mid July

85
Q

Why did Bonar Law resign from the government

A

Ill health

86
Q

When was the Government of Ireland Act due to come into force

A

easy summer 1921

87
Q

MacCready informed the British government that his soldiers were suffering from ‘psychological fatigue’ and indicated he would need how many more men

A

250 000

88
Q

Who urged Lloyd George to use the King’s speech at the state opening of the NI Parliament in May 1921 as a plea for peace

A

The South African prime minister Jan Smuts

89
Q

Towards the end of 1920, the SF counter state was losing vitality , with Daíl meetings often attended by just over —– deputies

A

20

90
Q

Which department of the Daíl was, by the end of 1920, suffering huge financial difficulties

A

Department of Local Government

91
Q

Who, inside SF, condemned the brutality of Bloody Sunday

A

Roger Sweetman

92
Q

Some within the Catholic hierarchy, such as — and —— denounced IRA activities

A

Cardinal Logue and Dr Cohalan

93
Q

When did Dr Cohalan excommunicate all Catholics in his diocese who had been engaged in acts of murder

A

Dec 1920

94
Q

By summer 1921, the IRA had an estimated —— men on active service

A

3000

95
Q

By summer 1921, the IRA faced a combined police and military force of how many

A

40 000

96
Q

Who said that the IRA were down to “counting bullets”

A

Michael Collins

97
Q

Collins reckoned that the IRA could have only survived for how much longer after the truce

A

3 weeks

98
Q

When did De Valera receive a letter from Lloyd George inviting him to London to explore the chances of a settlement

A

24 June 1921

99
Q

When was a truce commenced between Lloyd George and De Valera

A

11 July 1921

100
Q

How many people were killed during the Anglo-Irish War

A

751

101
Q

Which historian said “Repression too weak to root out opposition, but provocative enough to nurture it.”

A

Townshend

102
Q

Which historian said that “By matching its operation to its means, the IRA could ensure its survival for long enough achieve psychological victory out of military stalemate.”

A

Townshend

History A2 Ireland (9 decks)

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