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History A2 Ireland > Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 > Flashcards

Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the truce of the Anglo-Irish War

A

11 July 1921

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2
Q

When did De Valera arrive in London after the truce for negotiations with the British

A

14 July 1921

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3
Q

When Lloyd-George met De Valera shortly after the truce, he gave a theatrical performance. What did he do?

A

He pointed to the empty chairs around the conference table at 10 Downing Street asking for Ireland to”take her place in the Commonwealth of “free nations”

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4
Q

How many times did De Valera and Lloyd George meet between 14 July and 21 July 1921

A

4 times

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5
Q

During his meetings with De Valera, how many times did Lloyd George make clear that there would be no compromise on Irish allegiance to the crown and membership of the empire, that Ulster was not to be coerced and that there would be a renewal of war if talks broke down

A

6 times

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6
Q

De Valera feared that an early compromise on Sinn Fein’s demand for a republic would lead to what

A

extremists in the movement breaking away

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7
Q

Who was NI’s first prime minister

A

James Craig

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8
Q

Who refused to join talks and sat on their “rock of partition”

A

James Craig

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9
Q

When did Lloyd George tell his colleagues hat no consideration would be given to Sinn Fein’s demand for a republic

A

20 July 1921

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10
Q

What was “dominion status”

A

an independence within the empire with “strings attached” on finance, trade and defence

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11
Q

What did Lloyd George tell his cabinet that Ireland would be offered on the 20 July 1921

A

dominion status: an independence within the empire with “strings attached” on finance, trade and defence
and that partition could only be ended with the consent of the people of Northern Ireland

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12
Q

What argument did De Valera utilise against Ireland being given “dominion status” with strings attached

A

No other dominion, such as Canada, suffered such restraints

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13
Q

De Valera said he found the document offering dominion status unacceptable, stating he would not present it to the Daíl or the Irish people. What was Lloyd George’s response to this?

A

He warned that a rejection would mean a resumption of hostilities.

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14
Q

After leaving Downing Street on 21 July 1921, how did De Valera concede a republic

A

After a suitable interlude, he sent a messenger to fetch the documents with Lloyd George’s proposals for dominion status and partition

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15
Q

Who was the South African prime minister

A

Jan Smuts

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16
Q

Who urged De Valera to accept Lloyd George’s proposals

A

Jan Smuts

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17
Q

De Valera delayed replying to Lloyd George’s proposals on “dominion status” and partition until when

A

10 August 1921

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18
Q

What did De Valera suggest as a counter offer to Lloyd George’s proposals on 10 August 1921

A

‘External association’

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19
Q

What was External Association

A

Ireland could enjoy the freedom of an independent state but be externally associated with the British Commonwealth

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20
Q

When and where, after De Valera’s suggestion of ‘External Association’, did Lloyd George hold a cabinet meeting where ministers reaffirmed the decision that the Irish must accept the Crown and Empire as preconditions for talks

A

7 September 1921
Inverness

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21
Q

When did Lloyd George move to break the impasse with De Valera after the Inverness meeting

A

29 September 1921

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22
Q

How did Lloyd George break the impasse with De Valera in September 1921

A

He sent a letter restating the govts position that Ireland would have to remain in the empire but coupled with this a fresh invitation to a conference which ignored all previous correspondence i.e. no preconditions that the Irish must accept Crown and Empire for preconditions for the conference

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23
Q

When did the Daíl swear an oath to the Reublic

A

16 August 1921

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24
Q

What was the consequence of Lloyd George breaking the impasse with De Valera, and De Valera agreeing to attend the conference

A

A Dominion settlement now became the reasonable, a Republic the unreasonable cause

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25
Q

Who, on learning of De Valera’s abstention from attending Treaty negotiations, was irate and accused de Valera of “abdicating his responsibilities”

A

Collins

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26
Q

Who said that attending the Treaty negotiations without de Valera was like “playing a vital match with their ablest player in reserve.”

A

Cosgrave

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27
Q

What 3 reasons did De Valera give for refusing to attend Treaty negotiations

A
  • he was a symbol of the Republic and could not therefore compromise
  • he’d be needed in Dublin to keep potential opposition under control
  • any treaty would have to be ratified by the Daíl anyways, so he could supposedly stop anything he didn’t want
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28
Q

It is popularly thought that De Valera’s unspoken reasons for not attending the negotiations were what (2)

A
  • he didn’t want a personal association with the inevitable compromise
  • he was taking a decisive advantage over Collins in his rivalry for leadership
    Collins “fall guy”
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29
Q

Why did De Valera insist on Collins attending Treaty negotiations

A
  • use as “fall guy”, to take a decisive advantage over Collins in his rivalry for leadership
  • de Valera recognised that any settlement approved by Collins had a better chance of being accepted in Ireland
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30
Q

Who was on the Irish team for Treaty negotiations

A

Griffith
Collins
Barton
Erskine Childers
Duffy
Duggan

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31
Q

Who was Griffith

A

Founder of SF and deputy leader, his opinion carried weight

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32
Q

Who was Erskine Childers

A

a very doctrinaire nationalist

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33
Q

What was Childers role in the Treaty negotiations

A

He was the delegation’s secretary, and would urge the delegation to reject dominion status

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34
Q

Who was Robert Barton

A

Daíl’s minister of Home Affairs

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35
Q

Who in the Irish delegation were relatives

A

Childers and Barton

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36
Q

Which two people in the Irish delegation were lawyers

A

Duffy and Duggan

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37
Q

Which two people in the Irish delegation hated each other

A

Griffith and Childeres

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38
Q

Collins didn’t trust Childers. Why?

A

He expected that Childers was in secret communication with de Valera

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39
Q

What was the paradox about the Irish delegation being plenipotentiaries

A

They had the right to sign treaties as plenipotentiaries, but de Valera still told them to answer to the Daíl before signing anything

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40
Q

The Irish were told by De Valera to negotiate for ‘external association’. Which 2 members of the Irish delegation did not fully understand what this was

A

Griffith and Collins

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41
Q

If the conference broke down, the Irish delegation were instructed to try to ensure that the break would come from —-

A

Ulster

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42
Q

What was Britain’s Achilles heel in the Treaty negotiations

A

Ulster

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43
Q

Who was Brugha

A

Minister of Defence

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44
Q

Collins held regular meetings with —- before and during negotiations

A

the IRB

45
Q

Who was on the British delegation for the Treaty negotiations

A

Lloyd George
Austen Chamberlain
Lord Birkenhead
Winston Churchill
Hamar Greenwood
Worthington
Tom Jones

46
Q

What skill did Lord Birkenhead have

A

one of the foremost constitutional experts in the country

47
Q

What was Winston Churchill an expert on

A

defence

48
Q

Who was Hamar Greenwood

A

Chief secretary for Ireland

49
Q

Who was Worthington

A

Secretary of State for war

50
Q

What was Tom Jones’ role in the Irish delegation

A

secretary

51
Q

Nickname for Lloyd George

A

Welsh Wizard

52
Q

Why was Lloyd George’s Achilles heel considered to be partition

A

the British public would not support a war based on the existing border

53
Q

Why was the coercion of Ulster never an option for Lloyd George

A

his coalition government was almost totally dependent on conservative support

54
Q

Who did De Valera choose as senior negotiator of the Irish delegation

A

Griffith

55
Q

The British aimed for access to naval ports where (3 places)

A

Lough Swilly
Cobh
Berehaven

56
Q

What did the British government aim for regarding financial matters of the treaty (3)

A
  • they would agree to impose no protective duties upon the flow of trade between the two countries
  • Ireland would assume responsibility for a share of the present debt of the UK
  • Ireland would enjoy autonomy in taxation and finance
57
Q

SF wanted the British govt to put pressure on Ulster Unionists to do what

A

end partition

58
Q

Where did the Treaty negotiations take place

A

London

59
Q

When did the Treaty negotiations commence

A

11 October 1921

60
Q

When did the Treaty negotiations end

A

6 December 1921

61
Q

How did the British seize the initiative from day 1 of negotiations

A

On the opening day the presented the Irish delegation with the British proposals which were based on the document rejected by de Valera on 20th July and included the insistence on Dominion status

62
Q

After the British seizing the initiative from day 1, the Irish lost further ground by failing to table their counter proposals until what date

A

24 October 1921

63
Q

What was the Irish counterproposals in October 1921 based on

A

External Association (Draft Treaty 1)

64
Q

Talking about the opening of the treaty negotiations, which historian said: “the Irish had allowed the PM to seize the initiative and he was not to relinquish it.”

A

Rees

65
Q

In the plenary sessions, what did the British seem willing to compromise on

A

Finance, trade and even defence

66
Q

What were the 2 big issues in the plenary negotiations

A

Status and partition

67
Q

What was the issue in treaty negotiations regarding status

A

Britain wanted dominion status
the Irish wanted External Association

68
Q

In which plenary session did Griffith and Collins see the genuine dislike of partition among the British

A

the fourth one

69
Q

As negotiations progressed, which member of the Irish delegation did the British find prickly and unreasonable

A

Childers

70
Q

What did the use of sub conferences do for Childers, Barton and Duffy

A

excluded them from the key discussions

71
Q

What happened when de Valera tried to curb the power of the plenipotentiaries

A

Griffith and Collins threatened to walk out of the talks if their power was curbed.
de Valera had to retreat and write a letter to them informing them he was not trying to remove their powers

72
Q

By the time the negotiations reached the sub-conferences a clear pattern had emerged. What was it?

A

The Irish would make provisional concessions on status which would be contingent on the govt guaranteeing the essential unity of Ireland

73
Q

Who were the ‘diehards’

A

right-wing conservatives who opposed Lloyd George’s coalition government

74
Q

When did Lloyd George draw the Irish into having an interest in the survival of his government by meeting with Griffith

A

30 October

75
Q

Who tabled a censure motion in the House of Commons against LG’s govt and why

A

The Diehards, they expressed ‘grave apprehension’ act the govts actions in entering into talks with SF

76
Q

How did LG up the stakes of the censure motion

A

he turned it into a vote of confidence

77
Q

What did LG say to Griffith in their meeting on the 30 October

A

He asked Griffith for personal assurances on the crown, free partnership with the Empire and naval facilities for the British in Ireland
IN RETURN FOR
LG’s promise to crush the diehards and fight on the Ulster matter to secure essential unity for Ireland

78
Q

What concession did Griffith make on the 1 November

A

He committed to his agreement with Lloyd George in writing in the form of a letter

79
Q

What did Griffith concessional letter to Lloyd George say

A

the Irish delegation would “recommend free partnership of Ireland with the other states associated within the British empire” NOTE: WITHIN!

80
Q

During the sub conferences, a rapport was struck up between Collins and which member of the British delegation

A

Birkenhead

81
Q

What did Lloyd George tell Griffith he would do if Ulster unionists were unreasonable when pressured about partition

A

resign

82
Q

When did Tom Jones, British secretary, inform Collins and Griffith that LG would make one final attempt in getting Ulster Unionists to accept an All-Ireland parliament and if they refused he would resign

A

8 November 1921

83
Q

What would likely happen if Lloyd George resigned

A

the coalition govt would collapse, with its likely replacement being a Cons govt led by Bonar Law, which would be hostile to SF

84
Q

When did Tom Jones propose the Boundary Commission

A

9 November 1921

85
Q

What did the boundary commission potentially mean for Lloyd George

A

he could escape his resignation pledge if it was accepted

86
Q

What was Griffith’s understanding of the boundary commission

A

it would review the viability of partition and that NI would lose a large chunk of her territory with the rump eventually falling under Dublin rule

87
Q

When did Griffith formally commit himself to the Boundary Commission

A

12 November 1921

88
Q

What was the major consequence of Griffith formally committing himself to the Boundary Commission

A

he had greatly limited SF’s option of breaking with Ulster

89
Q

When and who drew up the memorandum on the boundary commission, as requested by LG, to be shown to Griffith and which Griffith agreed to

A

13 November 1921, Tom Jones

90
Q

On what date did the British present the Irish delegation with a draft treaty which contained the boundary commission

A

16 November 1921

91
Q

What did the Document that Childers and Barton submitted on the 22 November 1921 argue for

A

external association

92
Q

What name for Ireland did the delegates come up with

A

Irish Free State
(Saorstát Eireann)

93
Q

What date was the Daíl cabinet meeting where they decided they could recognise the Crown for the purposes of association, as symbol and accepted head of the combination of associated states

A

25 November 1921

94
Q

Who pointed out to the Irish delegation that Britain’s proximity to Ireland meant that they would never really enjoy the same freedom of other commonwealth countries like Canada

A

Charters, Irish second secretary to the delegation and legal expert

95
Q

When the British made their final proposals on 1 December 1921, they had made minor concessions on what

A

Defence

96
Q

When, after the British had made their final proposals, did Collins consult the IRB supreme council with the Treaty proposals

A

Morning 3 December 1921

97
Q

When consulting the Daíl about the British final proposals 3 December, Collins expressed concern at De Valera’s wording in the oath of allegiance. What did De Valera refer to the King of Great Britain as?

A

“King of the Associated States”

98
Q

After the 3 December Daíl meetings on the British final proposals, what instructions did De Valera and the Daíl cabinet give the Irish delegates

A
  • reject the oath in its existing form
  • if the conference was heading for a breakdown, break on Ulster
99
Q

What was the careless remark by Duffy which led to the breakdown of Treaty negotiations on 4 December 1921

A

he stated that they could not come into the empire

100
Q

What was the British response to Duffy’s careless remark during Treaty negotiations on the 4 December 1921

A

Chamberlain jumped to his feet shouting, “That ends it,” and the British team followed him out of the room.
The British would send their final proposals the following day.
They sent a letter to Craig saying the conference had broken down.

101
Q

What did Tom Jones do on the night of 4 December 1921

A

He visited Griffith in an attempt to restart negotiations.
It was suggested that Collins should meet with Lloyd George the following morning.

102
Q

In Downing Street on 5 December 1921, Griffith stuck to the party line that the delegation’s provisional concessions were dependent on Ulster and that they wouldn’t sign the treaty until what had happened

A

they had Craig’s decision on the acceptance of Unity
(i.e. trying to break on Ulster)

103
Q

How could Lloyd George claim, during the 5 Dec 1921 negotiations, that id the Irish now tried to break on Ulster it would be a serious breach of faith

A

LG brought up the Boundary Commission, which Griffith had assented to in the previous month

104
Q

What did Griffith say when Lloyd George brought up the Boundary Commission and pressured him to sign the Treaty

A

“I had never let a man down in my life and I never will.”

105
Q

In one final piece of high drama on the 5 December 1921, LG brandished two letters, claiming that he had promised to let Craig know the outcome of the negotiations- One claiming peace, the other war. LG then claimed that those who were not for peace must take —

A

“full responsibility for the war that would immediately follow refusal by any delegate to sign.”

106
Q

When, and at what time, did Collins, Duggan, Duffy and Barton (in that order) sign the Treaty

A

2:30am 6 December 1921

107
Q

Historian Pakenham said what about LG’s negotiating skills

A

“Lloyd George, if he cast no other spell, had obsessed the Irish with a sense of inescapable personal responsibility.’

108
Q

In the final exchanges, Lloyd George gave what 2 economic concessions to the Irish

A
  • he dropped the British demand for free trade
  • gave the new Irish Free State fiscal autonomy
109
Q

What did Collins ominously state about his signing of the Treaty

A

“I am signing my own death warrant.”

History A2 Ireland (9 decks)

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