The anatomy of the cardiovascular system 1 Flashcards
Where is the heart located
The middle mediastinum
where would you not find BV and Lymphatics
BV - cartilage
Lymphatics - brain, eye
What is the two main circulations of the CVS
Pulmonary - Heart-lungs-heart
Systemic - Heart-body-heart
What is the Lymphatic system ciculation
Hepatic portal circulation
Where is the apex of the heart located
5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
What chamber lies at the base of the heart
Left atrium
What blood vessels can be seen from the anterior view of the heart L>R
superior vena cava - aortic arch - pulmonary trunk
What is embedded in the fat of the heart
Coronary arteries (forms a crown)
What blood vessels can be seen from the posteriori view of the heart
the superior and inferior pulmonary arteries
superiors and inferior pulmonary viens
Inferior vena cava
What happens to the position of the heart if you stand up, why is this?
Moves more anterior and inferior,
gravity
What lies anterior to the heart
sternum
costal cartilages 4-7
thymus remnants
Define situs inversus
an uncommon condition in which the heart and other organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane to lie on the opposite (left or right) side from the usual
What lies inferior to the heart
central tendon of the diaphragm
What lies lateral to the heart
Lungs
Phrenic nerve
What lies Posterior to the heart
oesophagus
descending aorta
thoracic vertebra 5-8
In the anterior view of the heart what chambers lie in the left, right and sternum border
Left - Left atrium
Right - right atrium
Sternum - right ventricle
what is the 3 layers of the heart
endocardium (innermost)
myocardium (middle)
epicardium (outermost)
What is the endocardium
The inner most layer
simple squamous epithelium that sits on the basement membrane + connective tissue lining the heart chamber
Where does cups (valves) derive from
endocardium
What is the myocardium
Thick middle layer of Cardiac muscle (Myocytes)
What is some of the characteristic of the myocardium
Striated
Lots of mitochondria
How are the myocytes connected
Intercalated discs
What is the interlaced discs compose of and what is there functions
desmosomes - bind myocytes together
gap junctions - allow electrical communication
What is the epicardial
outer most layer of simple squamous epithelium sitting on connective tissue and basement membrane
What BV does the epicardial contain
main branches of coronary arteries
What is a possible feature of the the epicardial
May be fatty
What is the same layer of the epithelium of the epicardial
visceral pericardium
What lies between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
What is the layering of the heart in oder outside to inside
Fibrous layer parterial pericardium (pericardial cavity) Visceral pericardium/ epicardial myocardium endocardium
What is the direction of blood flow through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart
Superior/inferior vena cava Right atrium (mitral valve) Left ventricle (semilunar valve) Pulmonary artery THE LUNGS Pulmonary vien Left atrium (tricuspid valve) Left ventricle (semilunar valve) Aorta
What controls blood flow
Valves
What lies on the right border on the heart
the right atrium
What lies on the left border on the heart
left ventricle and left atrium
What lies on the inferior border of the heart
The right ventricle (little bit of left ventricle)
What lies on the superiors border of the heart
The left atrium and right atrium
How do valves work
passively
What prevents valve failure
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
What is the type of abnormalities that can happen to heart valves
incompetence = widening; stenosis = narrowing
What else can cause failure of valves
infection eg bacterial endocarditis
What is another name for the pulmonary and aortic valve
semi lunar valve
What is the names of the two trio-ventricular valves
Mitral/bicuspid
Tricuspid
what is the problems of aortic stenosis
Narrowing means valve doesn’t properly open or close
What is the problem with aortic incompetence
Failure of aortic valve to close tightly causing back flow of the blood into the ventricle
What gives structural support to the cardiac skeleton
Atrioventricular septum
Roots of great vessels
Anchorage for valves
Myocytes/capillary network
What is the cardiac skeleton of the heart
single structure of connective tissue (collagen)
where does the coronary artery originate from
cusp of the aortic valve - epicardium
At diastole where does the blood enter in the aortic arch
myocardium relaxes and elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve therefore blood enters aortic sinuses which lead on to coronary artery
What holds the heart in its place
“Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium
Dense connective tissue bag
its Attachments
Over all - Heart free to move
what is the attachments of the heart
Central tendon of diaphragm
Sternum
Roots of great vessels
What is the heart lined by
serous pericardium
What does the serous pericardium secrete
pericardial fluid – lubricant
What is the visceral and parietal layer of the heart bound to
Visceral layer- Bound to heart (=epicardium)
Parietal layer - Bound to fibrous pericardium
What allows the free movement of the heart in the cardiac cycle
Visceral and parietal layers continuous giving a closed bag effect
