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Cardiovascular system SA > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Endocardial tubules begin to develop from

A

at each end of the mesoderm from angiogenic cell clusters

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2
Q

What occurs to merge the endocardial tubes together to form the primordial heart tube

A

Embryonic folding occurs and by week 3 the two endocardial tubes have been formed and are pushed together merging into primordial heart tube

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3
Q

What step from the basis of the cardiovascular system

A

The Tubular heart joining with the blood vessels in other areas

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4
Q

Where is the pericardium of the heart derived from

A

intra-embryonic coelom (the body cavity)

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5
Q

What layers does lateral plate somatic mesoderm go on to form in the pericardium

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

The visceral layer of the serious pericardium, i.e. the myocytes is derived from the

A

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

What is the names of the 5 distinct regions of the primicordial heart tubules formed from head to tail

A 
Truncus arteriosus 
Bulbus cordis 
primitive ventricle 
primitive atrium 
sinus venosus
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8
Q

What is being formed the same time as the formation of the heart tubules

A

Other major heart components

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9
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus develop into

A

The aorta and pulmonary artery

aortic arch

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10
Q

What does the bulbs cordis develop into

A

Right ventricle

parts of the outflow tract

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11
Q

What does the primitive ventricle develop into

A

Left ventricle

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12
Q

What does the primitive atrium develop into

A

The front parts of the left and right atria

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13
Q

What does the sinus venosus develop into

A

The posterior part of the right atrium and the SAN

part of the superior vena cava

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14
Q

What propels the heart to beat on day 21

A

Blood flows into the sinus venosus from the yolk sac and the placenta, resulting in a contraction that propels blood to the truncus arteroisus

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15
Q

What is the structure of the sinus venosus in venous end of the heart tube

A 
There is a left and right horn
The 3 veins attached to each horn for blood supply: 
Common cardinal vein 
Umbilical vein 
Vitelline vein
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16
Q

Where does the umbilical vein receives its blood supply from

A

The placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

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17
Q

Where does the vitelline vein receive its blood supply from

A

The yolk sac to the sinus venosus

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18
Q

How is the body of the embryo connected to the heart tube allowing for drainage

A

through the common cardinal vein

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19
Q

What is the structure of the truncus arterioles

A

There is a formation of 6 aortic arches arising from the aortic sac and terminating in the dorsal aorta

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20
Q

What regions of the heart tubule grow the fastest

A

The bulbus cordis and the ventricle

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21
Q

The fast growing pace of the bulbs cordis and the ventricle affect the shape of the heart

A

They loop to the right forming a U shaped - bulboventricular loop

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22
Q

What is the formation of the bulboventricualr loop called

A

Dextral looping

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23
Q

What does the bulboventricular loop allow the development of

A

The pericardium to form around the heart tubule from the intra embryonic coleom
The parietal layer to form from the somatic mesoderm
The visceral layer to from from the splanshinic mesoderm

24
Q

What is the first step in atrial separation

A

endocardial cushion formation

25
Q

what does endocardial cushion formation give rise to

A

Tricupsid and mitral valves

Parts of the septum

26
Q

What separates the right and left atria

A

Septum formation

27
Q

What is the steps in septum formation

A

The septum premium grows down from the top of the heart in-between the right atria and right ventricle fuses with the endocardial tissue whiles the septum secondum grows parallel on the right

28
Q

What does the foreman created after both septums development allow

A

Allows blood to be transferred from the right atrium to the left atrium in the right direction through the foreman

29
Q

What is the opening in-between the septum primum and the endocardial cushion before they fuse together

A

ostium primum

30
Q

How and when does the foreman ovale close

A

The foreman ovale closes after birth by Septum primum (= valve of oval foramen) fuses with the septum secundum

31
Q

What is the opening in the septum secundum called

A

Foreman secundum

32
Q

What is the opening in the septum primum called

A

Foreman ovale

33
Q

What is the remnant of the foreman ovale in an adult

A

Oval fossa (fossa ovalis) of adult heart is a remnant of foetal oval foramen

34
Q

What is the steps in ventricular separation

A

Muscular ventricular septum forms and creates an opening is called interventricular foramen.

Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing inter ventricular foramen

35
Q

What does the growth of the endocardial cushion separate

A

The atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation (distally) and membranous portion of the interventricular septum (proximally).

36
Q

What enables the formation and separation of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

A

The active proliferation of cells (neural chest cells) in the Bulbus cordis and the truncus arteriosus allows ridges to from, the aorticpulmonary septum causes a spiralling and separation of the ridges into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

37
Q

The spiralling of the aortic pulmonary septum is cause by what

A

the streaming of blood into the ventricles

38
Q

What are the early pacemakers of the heart

A

Primordial atrium and then sinus venosus

39
Q

When and where does the SA node develop

A

develops during 5th week in the top of the right atria

40
Q

The AV node and bundle of his develops from what

A

develops from cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

41
Q

What is dextrocardia

A

Abnormalities in looping, when the heart loops to the left side instead of the right side

42
Q

What can dectrocaria be associated with

A

associated with situs inversus (transposition of viscera)

43
Q

what are many cardiac malformation associated with

A

defective formation of endocardial cushion and septum
formation,
e.g. atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)

44
Q

What does non closure of the foreman ovale result in

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

– “Hole in the heart”, “blue baby”

45
Q

What is the four clinical types of atrial septal defect

A

1.Foramen secundum defect
2.Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect
3.Sinus venosus defect
4. Common atrium
(The first two types are more common)

46
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart disease

A

Ventricular septal defect

47
Q

What is examples of ventricular septal defect

A

muscular septal defect
membraneous defects
subpulmonary defect
Av canal defect

48
Q

What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect

A

Membraneous type

49
Q

What is the cause of Cot death or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

abnormalities of the conducting tissue

50
Q

What is the aetiologies of congenital heart disease

A 
Rubella infection in pregnency (PDA)
Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)
Maternal drug treatment and radiation
Genetic - 8%
Chromosomal – 2%  (Down’s and Turner’s syndrome)
51
Q

What gender is more affected with congenital heart disease

A

male

52
Q

What conigiteal heart diseases is more affected in females

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

53
Q

What is transposition of great vessels associated with and what does it prevent

A

Associated with Atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect permiting exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

54
Q

What is the two causes permit the work of the great vessels ability to exchange systemic and pulmonary circulation

A

1) Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course
2) Defective migration of neural crest cells

55
Q

What are the four cardiac defects that make up the tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis (obstruction of right ventricular outflow)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Dextroposition of aorta (“overriding” aorta)

Right ventricular hypertrophy

56
Q

What is the result in the tetralogy of Fallot

A

Septum no longer present resulting in blood mixing from left to right of the heart - leading to cyanosis

Cardiovascular system SA (43 decks)

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